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he development of 3D printing technology has opened new possibilities in the field of prosthetics, particularly in creating affordable and customizable prosthetic hands. The use of soft joints made from TPU material enhances the flexibility and robustness of 3D printed prosthetic hands, making them more functional for individuals with upper limb amputations. This technology has important implications for those in low-resource countries or war-wounded refugees who may not have access to conventional or myoelectric prostheses. By using open-source software and 3D printed materials, this system is highly adaptable and customizable, allowing for personalization and cost-effective solutions for those in need. Rapid prototyping or 3D printing has decreased the costs associated with prosthetic development, customization, and fabrication. In our study, we had also seen that the existing prosthetic hands are lacking when it comes to providing a hand for a person who has very complicated shapes and sizes. Comfort is also an issue in existing 3D printed hands, this is because of the material used and no system provided for ventilation. As one case study, we have mentioned in this paper. The experiments conducted on this proposed system have shown high accuracy and energy efficiency, proving its feasibility and applicability in providing a low-cost alternative to conventional prostheses. Overall, the articles demonstrate the potential of 3D printing technology to provide low-cost, customized, and high-performance prosthetic devices for people with upper limb amputations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with discussion about geometrical distortion in 3D digital modeling when it is converted forrotary machining-process. Geometrical distortion become issues on rotary machining as the effect of conversion of stereolithography (*stl) format data types into 3D coordinates. By understanding the logical concept of 3D model development, the geometric reconstruction characteristic should be understood so that proper machining strategy can be set to achieve proper geometry and high quality machining. Art and jewelry are characterized by beauty and uniqueness. The application of computer aided manufacturing technology is a method to overcome the complexity and productivity ofproducts. Since surface roughness is a key parameter, the use of CNC machines in particular geometry is a better solutionas it is compared to 3D printers. In this research, a case study of ring machining has been carried out to show problems. Machining methods can provide better quality surface finish and faster production process than those using rapid prototyping. As a result, cost and time of production is cheaper and faster than those in manual or by 3D printing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), can be called a primary additive manufacturing technology used for rapid prototyping of items with complex geometry. However, these techniques have limitations, including poor dimensional precision and insufficient mechanical characteristics. Several studies have shown that such process factors significantly impact the manufactured product quality. Considering this, a thorough evaluation of the impact of process variables such as, nozzle diameter, extrusion temperature, layer thickness, infill density, raster angle, build orientation and infill patterns on mechanical characteristics was conducted. The literature review indicates layer thickness is one of the crucial factors compared to other parameters. Studies also reveal that the mechanical characteristics and the quality of 3D printed parts have a significant impact due to adjustments in FDM process settings. It is also found that achieving an ideal combination of process parameters is quite challenging. Therefore, in this study, an evaluation of the impact of pre-processing of 3D printed parts on part strength enhancement is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution is one of the most important environmental issues today. Power tools and small equipment with internal combustion engines (ICE) like leaf blowers, brush cutters, chainsaws and lawn mowers are examples of the most undesirable noise sources in modern human environments. This paper deals with acoustic characteristics of a new compact silencer intended for small two-stroke internal combustion engine in handheld tool applications. A novel silencer concept is proposed together with the respective acoustic characteristics, experimentally determined in the dedicated test stands, including the transmission loss (TL) and the reflection and absorption properties. A 3D-printing technology has been implemented for rapid prototyping of the silencer and by making use of the technological benefits the innovative silencer with up to two sheets of microperforated (MP) panels integrated into expansion chamber of the original silencer. As the result, the noise attenuation has been increased at least 20 dB over the frequency range 800...4000 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: New product generation often starts with product design and subsequently passes through several stages including material selection, manufacturing process identification, process implementation and quality checks. CAD model of t he part is undertaken as a preceding step in the modern manufacturing scenarios. But when the original drawings are not available and/or modifications are required in the existing products, reverse engineering plays a crucial role. As a sequel of this, co nstruction of the product using 3-D CAD data shall be economically and quickly done by employing rapid prototyping technique. The fender of a bolero car was undertaken for reverse engineering analysis and subsequently for rapid prototyping in the current research. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The sequential steps in reverse engineering are geometric modeling and related surface representation, segmentation, surface fitting and creating CAD model. Thereafter through rapid prototyping, the product is generated by additive layer manufacturing technology from the CAD models so built. Findings: The reverse engineered model from the scanned components and the product from rapid prototyping are compared for their deviations in the Cartesian coordinates. The magnitude of deviations is about ±0.5% and this indicates that the process by and large gives higher accuracy right from the inception of scanning to the 3-D print of the component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer liners are a critical component in Type IV hydrogen storage tanks, providing a barrier layer to prevent gas from escaping out of the vessel. These liners must have metal components embedded within them, providing an opening for connection to a gas management system. The rotational molding process is one of the methods capable of producing the tank liners. Metal components, known as mold inserts, may be molded into the typical moldings produced using the process. However, these are typically small metal inserts to allow for bolting components together and are, therefore, not subjected to demanding mechanical conditions. By comparison, the metal components used in gaseous hydrogen tank polymer liners are considerably larger, making their encapsulation more challenging, more costly, and with the final molding placed under more demanding conditions. A study was conducted to explore how the design of the boss effects the encapsulation of the component within rotomoulded H2 tank liners. Rapid prototyping methods were employed, providing a low-cost high-speed method of manufacturing the parts. The bosses were molded into tank liners using a state-of the-art electronically heated robotically controlled rotational molding machine, and visually inspection of the encapsulation around the design features completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a fast-growing market, development timelines are becoming increasingly critical for customers. However, all technologies have limitations. For example, the application of so-called additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, in particular, FDM 3D printing, is limited by the materials used and the quality of the part. A significant advantage of AM is the possibility to manufacture parts without the use of molds or tools. The article presents the case of rapid prototyping of a centrifugal compressor using 3D printing with polymer plastics. In this study, the main goal of 3D printing of parts is to develop a structural and functional prototype for testing various centrifugal compressors. AM technologies enable the manufacture centrifugal compressors with less labor and in any configuration. Special attention is paid to choosing the 3D printing technology, materials and assessing the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of the product. The results provide experimental data for a prototype along with recommendations for series production. We also describe a laboratory bench for testing the prototypes. All this will allow the reader to more reasonably interpret these decisions and take into account the specifics in more detail when developing the design specifications for testing centrifugal compressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research in the field of hydraulic structures is physical in its nature and so it is time and cost intensive due to manufacturing of various physical models in order to find the optimum solution. The rapid prototyping strategy which utilizes latest production equipment facilitates the research effort, however, even the latest equipment has its limitations when concreting is concerned. This paper shows the potential of application of Lattice Boltzmann method for numerical investigation of concrete flow during casting the complex shapes of the spillway energy dissipators. This numerical approach proved promising for decision making regarding the direction and flow rate of concrete casting into volumes of complex shapes and filled with inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the prototyping of objects. Rapid prototyping is becoming increasingly important in mechanical and industrial design engineering. This study looks at how commercial CAD programming products can be used to model 3D objects for rapid composite prototype construction using the layer-by-layer method. Rapid prototyping (RP), commonly known as 3D printing or solid freeform fabrication (SFF), is a technology and apparatus that allows physical items to be made immediately from solid models developed in CAD utilizing additive layer manufacturing processes without the use of tooling or fixtures. Traditional CNC machining techniques, on the other hand, can be modified to do everything from high-precision metal cutting to fast milling of light materials, making them ideal for rapid prototyping and it assists in the development of projects and ideas prior to execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metals remain to be one of the crucial structural materials for various engineering applications due to its good performance at elevated temperatures. Sand casting process is most preferable and extensively used casting process for metal fabrication. The adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) technology in process of sand casting can result in improvement of the overall process. 3D printing of sand molds is a process by which sand molds, used for metal casting, are prepared with binder jetting technology. 3D printing of sand mold would eliminate tools like patterns, core, core boxes and flasks. Also, the ability to manufacture intricate shaped cores and molds via 3D sand printing provides exceptional design freedom. 3D printing sand molds is transforming traditional sand casting process by reducing the consumption of metals and chemicals, resulting in positive impact on the environment. This paper explains how the implementation of 3D sand printing technology has benefited to a standard sand casting process. Comparison study has been done between conventional sand-casting process and process involving rapid prototyping regarding time, cost investment, dimensional accuracy, surface quality, mechanical properties, and environmental impact. The outcomes from this research would help foundries to reconsider their process from old standard methods to new and revolutionary method involving Additive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for a long-term hip implant increases due to the rise in the number of hip replacement each year. Designing a hip prosthesis through traditional manufacturing methods is time-consuming and expensive. In accordance to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0), design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) has become one of the advanced technologies and manufacturing in recent years. To solve these issues, this paper will aim to analyse the total deformation and von Mises stress of hip prosthesis for total hip replacement using CAD modelling by applying DfAM for rapid prototyping to improve in saving time, cost and efficiency of the hip implant. The simulations were performed to investigate whether the modified design of Charnley hip prosthesis can give better analysis than the existing design. Based on the static structural simulation analysis, the modified design implant had higher maximum total deformation and maximum von Mises stress. The relative percentage difference for maximum total deformation is 1.0%, twice the relative percentage of maximum von Mises stress of 0.5%. Therefore, it might affect the analysis when using dynamic motion. The modified design has 1.05% volume and mass reduction, and 0.45% higher safety factor than the existing design of hip implant, thus fit the goal of design for additive manufacturing in minimizing the weight of the model with better efficiency, in contrast to the traditional production method. Further improvement and analysis can be made on different designs, boundary conditions and types of loadings, or using various materials for the implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing creates physical objects from a geometrical representation by successive addition of materials in a layer-by-layer fashion directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) model. It is a fast-emerging technology widely used all over the globe. Fused Deposition Technique/Modelling (FDM) is one of the 3D printing technologies for rapid prototyping which uses Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), etc., where it produces a tissue scaffold by melt extrusion of thermoplastic polymer. In this work, the impact resistance measurements studied on the 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) material under varied layer thicknesses and extrusion temperatures are presented. It is observed that an optimized layer thickness is carefully be considered to induce optimum properties to the component over its build times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is one of the rapid prototyping technique using thermoplastics materials such as polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in a molten state to produce products directly from the CAD model to 3D fabricated part. FDM is an additive manufacturing (AM) process where products made by, layer by placing a layer of melted plastic material on the platform from bottom to the top. In this study the impact of FDM process parameters on the various mechanical properties like fill density, extruder temperature; platform temperature; print speed; travel speed; stress, strain and total deformation of parts fabricated on a 3D printer with PLA and ABS is evaluated. Influence of process parameters was examined through a design of experiments (DOE) approach. For the study square block selected and analysis of tensile test; compressive test results was processed with the ANSYS software. The obtained deformation, strain and stress results indicate the influence of process parameters used in FDM on mechanical properties of 3D printed thermoplastic parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular looms are used to manufacture the polymerized bag by weaving process. In circular looms, shuttle mechanisms are used to feed the circumferential threads. By supplying the circumferential threads, the linear threads are wounded to manufacture the polymerized bag. In polymer bag manufacturing process, the width of bag varies whenever the bobbin's diameter varies. To control the width, the frictional force between the aluminium ceramic eyelet and the polymer thread has been controlled by tilting the ceramic eyelet. An analytical and experimental approach is carried out to analyse the shuttle mechanism with inclined ceramic eyelet. Due to this, the inclined ceramic eyelet control strategy is adapted along with various control strategies such as electro-magnetic actuator control, vertical thread control, ring dimension control etc. The CAD model of the modified shuttle mechanism is created with the calculated ceramic eyelet inclined angle. Then the shuttle mechanism is redesigned and prototyped with the calculated ceramic eyelet inclined angle in Rapid Prototyping technique. In rapid prototyping, the prototype was created with the polymeric material. The modified prototype of shuttle mechanism was analysed for the required polymer bag weaving process and the real-time design requirements are monitored and incorporated. By this, the optimization of modified cost-effective design was identified and used in the circular loom. This control strategy is reliable and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of things (IoT) devices' standard network architecture is based on custom connections to a cloud service. The manufacturer of the IoT devices themselves usually manages the cloud. This centralization introduces a single point of failure of the system. By introducing the use of a blockchain, the entire network architecture becomes decentralized and this makes the network resilient to network failures. In this paper, we describe how to rapid prototype a Blockchain-based IoT network using wide-available technologies as Raspberry Pi and Ethereum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the customer requirements undergo dynamic changes and industries are shifting focus towards manufacturing of customized end-user products. Direct metal deposition is an evolving branch of additive manufacturing that has found its application ranging from rapid prototyping to production of real-time industrial components. The evolution of this Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) technique has resulted in the introduction and development of different MAM process variants for specific applications. In addition, metal additive manufacturing has drastically reduced the fabricating and design constraints, and greatly enhanced the product versatility. This review intends to provide insight into the variants of metal additive manufacturing techniques with its novelty, mechanism, applications and potential challenges. The review seeks to improvise the basic understanding of MAM processes and thus broaden the scope of research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping has facilitated customized mass production in the industrial sector and correspondingly plays an important role in various engineering applications. The advent of various additive manufacturing processes has enabled various researchers to study the diverse set of characteristics associated with each additive manufacturing process. Fused deposition modeling is one of the additive manufacturing processes that offer excellent mechanical properties. It is an extrusion based process that holds various process-structure relationships which are difficult to model by conventional mathematical methods. The idea of data driven machine learning is suggested and the existing studies based on the concept of machine learning are reviewed. The review is concluded by suggesting potential future directions of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the number of systems based on FMCW radar technology has been increasing dramatically, due in part to the availability of low-cost development and evaluation kits that permit rapid prototyping and testing of radar-based applications. In a real scenario where it is possible to have multiple radars emitting simultaneously, interference between radars can arise due to the periodic nature of FMCW. Moreover, FMCW radars take advantage of the large bandwidth in order to achieve a high resolution in range. Therefore, the probability of two radars using the same spectrum range simultaneously is very high. In this work, the interference between FMCW radars systems is investigated using set theory. The FMCW signals are modeled as sets of time-frequency tuples and they are described as sets, reducing the analysis complexity of the interference between multiple radars. The proposed model was implemented in MATLAB and it was compared and validated in real scenarios with two radars operating and producing interference in the same indoor environment. It is shown that set theory considerable reduces the simulation time in comparison to traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a rapidly evolving technology since the last couple of years. This method is also used for rapid prototyping, which uses layer on top of layer deposition of the material using hot extruders to build a given 3D model. 3D printing technology basically a tool-less process designed specifically to avoid assembly requirements with intricate geometry and complex features created at no extra cost and at the same time it is an energy-efficient technology that can provide environmental efficiencies in terms of both the manufacturing process and material utilization. This research primarily focuses on analyzing the critical process parameters and its influence on the properties of the components made out of FDM process. The FDM specimens are fabricated by using four factors (parameters) at three levels, and the factors are layer thickness, travel speed of the extruder, infill ratio, and infill density. The experiments are designed based on Taguchi L-9 orthogonal array. Total three responses are considered and they are tensile strength compressive strength and flexural strength. Taguchi analysis has done to optimize the factors and its levels. Finite element analysis has also done and compared with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is known as 3D printing is the most extensively used as a method in the making of rapid prototyping, one of the products which is recently being developed is bicycles. Bicycles that are now in demand are balance bikes which encourage kids to train their balance as a basic skill in cycling. One of the important parts of a bicycle is the frame, where the use of carbon fiber-nylon material can meet the required mechanical properties of the material. This research analyze the effect of geometric design variations; honeycomb, circle, and rhombus on strength and weight of 3D-printed balance bike frame. The numerical analysis approach was used to determine the effect of geometric variations in strength by static load testing using ANSYS with 196,133 N load. The static simulation showed honeycomb geometry has the best material mechanical properties with equivalent stress of 5,5224 MPa, equivalent elastic strain of 0,0062933 m/m, and total deformation of 0,00035311 m. Besides mechanical properties, weight analysis and aesthetic surveys were considered to determine the geometric design which showed circle geometry has the lightest weight and honeycomb geometry is the most sought after design by the survey participant. Geometric honeycomb printing takes 1 day 13 hours by consuming 1725 grams of carbon fiber-nylon filament. After being weighed using a mass balance, frame honeycomb is 1050 grams in total weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is widely used as a method in making rapid prototyping and one that is developed is a bicycle. Balance bike is a type of bicycle that does not use a pedal. Balance bike moves by being pushed with legs while running or walking. One of the most important parts of a bicycle is a tire. However, in reality pneumatic tires have disadvantages in environmental problems. In this study, the tire will be processed with 3D printing using Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments in its manufacture. By analyzing several variations of tire geometry designs, namely honeycomb, tweel, diamond and triangle. By testing static load using Ansys simulation software, it is found that airless tire with honeycomb variation is the best in several aspects analyzed such as equivalent stress of 976,190 Pa, equivalent elastic strain of 0,00043773 m / m, total deformation of 0.000022627 m, the best stress-strain curve compare to other design, real weight for scale of 75% by 410 grams, and public survey by 32%. So that this tire is worth printing with the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a new trend has been observed: the world's leading aircraft manufacturers are actively introducing 3D printing technologies (rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing of finished products) into design and manufacturing processes. In order to maintain its position in the world market, an enterprise must constantly seek competitive advantages, expand its product range and avoid technological lag. The article discusses the main options for using additive technologies in the production and repair of aircraft and aircraft engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer uses photopolymerization to create 3D components. 3D printing technologies based on DLP are frequently used for fabricating complex objects without tooling and machining. In this paper, concerning some aspects of the Digital Light Processing technology such as the brief introduction, development history, some advantages, and practical applications in various fields is presented. The authors analyze existing devices, these device' design embodiment decisions is chosen based on the selection matrix. The main content of this paper is that we present the principle, construction as well as analyzing and choose the best design for a 3D Rapid Prototyping machine using Digital Light Processing technology. We also implement some results of designed parts as well as the manufactured machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D Printed Trainer for Rapid Prototyping instruction sets is easily attainable, yet, the current model is less practical as it requires a large space to operate and also time consuming to be manufactured. While we are fiercely fighting the Covid-19 pandemic, the Malaysian government has initiated Movement Control Order, and this makes a more portable and lightweight design becomes more demanding. The new design is more cost effective and has been improved from the previous designs. Therefore, this paper presents the improvement of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) 3D Printed Trainer kit for Rapid Prototyping for Industrial Automation course. This kit is just 250mm x 150mm x 170mm in size and weight less than 5kg which does not only make it mobile and easy to carry but it also suits to be used for teaching and learning application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical products play an important role in maintaining human life, some parts are aesthetic role. The nasal prosthesis is used for aesthetic restoration for patients with damaged nose due to unwanted accidents. This paper presents the design and fabrication biomedical product used in transplant. Initially, the authors applied rapid prototyping technology Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in the fabrication of nasal prosthesis by material PLA (Poly Lactic - acid), silicon. Rapid-form, Solid-work software are used to build the shape of the nose, then use the 3D printers machine to make prototyping. Next, use the template to create plaster molds, final using plaster molds to cast nasal prosthesis by biomedical silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID 19 pandemic has shifted the way makerspace operationalize shifted from purely physical space into an online mode for design collaboration and also information dissemination. With the spirit of maker movement which emphasizes sharing, collaboration and making as the vital core of its operation while the online components of makerspace are the platform for design collaboration and innovation dissemination during the global pandemic and the future globalization of innovation. Due to the establishment and the technological advancement of the digital fabrication and open-source hardware and software which is available to the masses, online learning has been the main drive which shapes the way the online makerspace platform operationalize. While there are a lot of articles and research has been done on the sustainability and mechanism of the physical makerspace environment, there are lack of articles discussing the sustainability of the online components of makerspace. The objective of this paper is to review the operation of the online makerspace upon disseminating innovation and ideas. This concept paper will highlight the power of online makerspace upon disseminating ideas and innovation to further stimulating another innovation. The main finding of this review paper is that the dissemination of innovation can stimulate the other user to create another innovation through memory retrieval and idea transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces a modular experimental micro turboexpander system designed to perform air turbine tests of a radial impulse cantilever turbine. The system has high modularity and is intended primarily to test flow-path components which are manufactured by 3D printing and rapid prototyping. System design from the fluid dynamic viewpoint is based on a previously described tool proven and validated during the design of micro turboexpanders in range of mainly dozens of kW. In order to achieve maximal simplicity, the system uses a converted aeromodelling motor as a permanent magnet generator and housing for bearings. Overall parameters are obtained from electrical performance and known generator's characteristics. The mechanical design then takes into account request of simplicity, modularity and properties of materials in additive manufacturing, especially plastics. First experimental tests show a comparison between different manufacturing technologies and resulting flow components surface roughness and the impact of pressure ratio on the isentropic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the vision of design and construction of an arch structure using modern technologies (such as BIM, parametric and generative design, digital fabrication etc.). Transition to these methods can lead to facilitation and process acceleration or safety and efficiency improvement. Due to used technologies (robotization and prefabrication) and construction progress, an optimization of default shape was needed. A genetic algorithm was selected for its versatility and efficiency to optimize the initial shape. The whole algorithm (including finite element method analysis) was compiled in Python language. At the end, the results of optimization are introduced along with advantages and disadvantages of such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D Printers are widely used for Rapid prototyping. The process parameters of such printers include Model Material Density, Model Orientation & Support Material style. These parameters have significant influence on the mechanical & tribological properties of the 3D printed components. The present work involves 3D printing the ASTM type 5 specimensunder varying model material density, support material style & orientation. The combinations of these process parameters are designed using L9 orthogonal array. The 3D printed specimens are subjected to tensile test & the average surface roughness of each specimen is presented. The obtained results are further analyzed using ANOVA & optimized using Taguchi Technique. Further the surface morphology of the fractured specimens is studied using the scanning electron microscope and few sample images are presented. The obtained results indicate the orientation of specimen have higher significant influence compared to model material density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current days many researchers are looking forward to biodegradable material to overcome global issues. In continuation to the present era, 3D printing technology creating interest among the research community due to the flexibility in design and its fabrication. Many novel materials are introducing to the world by 3D printing method considering applications, strength and fabrications aspects. However, limited flexible materials availability in 3D printing which are replacing moderate strength applications. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is showcasing unique properties among polymers with many of the flexible structural and biomedical applications. This work focused on the wear behavior of PVA fabricated by rapid prototyping technique. Wear samples are prepared by adopting 40 layers of PVA using staking sequence of (45°/135°) for 4mm thickness. This PVA further characterized by considering variable input parameters like wear speed, load and sliding distance using L9 Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. The percentage of weight loss method used to understand the influence of wear parameters. The result shows that load greatly influenced than the speed and sliding distance. The maximum weight loss was observed at a lower sliding distance at a higher load and speed. Similarly, moderate weight loss was found at a higher sliding distance with higher speed and load. But minimum weight loss was reported at a lower sliding distance at lower speed and load. Further, the multiple regression analysis was used to understand the contributions of input parameters and their interactions among them. Found that load, speed, speed and sliding distance, speed and load, sliding distance and, load and sliding distance are having contributions of 31.91%, 28.51%, 19.61%, 10.08%, 5.24% and 1.64% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present transforming manufacturing processes always find a suitable technique which is capable to produce a quality product in a shorter period. Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is an innovative technique in which shaping the thin sheet of metal to a simple tool rather than a dedicated die but the process is limited to customized parts, rapid prototyping or even for low batch production. With the research interest, SPIF is conducted on Al-Mg alloy for finding the influences of process variables on the average surface roughness. The statistical analysis is done by using Taguhci's methodology. The result shows that the step depth is the only input parameter which is significantly affects the surface roughness at these levels of process variables. The minimum average surface roughness (51. 844 nm) is achieved in the experiment no. 8 with the process parameters set as, low step down size as 0.1mm, higher feed rate as 100 mm/min, high spindle speed 2000 and wall angle as 45°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel 316 (SS316) is an austenitic steel having excellent durability, good biocompatibility, adequate elevated temperature properties. In addition to this, SS 316 is satisfying the application used at cryogenic temperature. Along with above-mentioned characteristic SS 316 having excellent corrosion resistant at the room as well as elevated temperature. The listed properties are engaging this material to be used in a nuclear plant, chemical processing and seashore oil wells applications. Typically, these applications need complex parts with high quality. Because of their special design, the conventional manufacturing process is not suitable. Particularly parts like vacuum vessel, plasma-facing components, support structures and other various subsystems in nuclear plant involved with two or more manufacturing process. If no of steps is more the time and errors are also to be more. This needs more time, manpower and materials to produce a complete component on time. Additive Manufacturing (AM) or Rapid Prototyping (RP) is the alternative for fabricating these components. For metallic materials newly developed technique in the welding field, is Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) which can rectify the above statement. The main advantage of this process is creating the complicated shapes in a single process with high dimensional accuracy, reduction in wastage of high-cost materials, and reducing the secondary operation time. After the fabrication little care is needed for getting good surface finishing. In this paper, the various additive manufacturing process used for SS 316 component production is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An impact of a modern industrial system, such as in Industry 5.0, which brings customer authorization deeper into the manufacturing stream, may give pressure toward the industrial working system. Along with this system transformation, the declining trend of labor number as world demographical change created demand for higher productivity worker, which is stronger and more versatile for handling more than one working station, giving added value and personalization in fulfilling customer needs. Assistive Technology (AT) which is formerly for disabled or handicapped people, would be more widely used for everyone and working for its new purposes in producing higher individual physical capacity. A common challenge of providing a wearable AT, such as limb prostheses, orthoses, or exoskeletons, is customizing their geometry to fit on user body parts. In Industrial context, this would even be more challenging since it must be provided in massive number which can overburden companies overhead. The disruptive technology of prototyping such as 3D scanning and 3D printing brings a customized prototype into a new level of accomplishment life cycle and affordability. New processing technology and material development in 3D printing eventually transform rapid prototyping into rapid manufacturing of final AT product. This paper aims to examine recent research and development of AT from AT developers and communities as well as its novel development process. The new challenges of new AT existence are discussed further in the context of working safety and product standardization and a study about its impacts towards industrial productivity are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the restoration of the Mandible after trauma or eradicated as a result of cancer tumors is a difficult challenge faced by Oral and maxillofacial surgery. The mandible is an essential element in the appearance of the human face. It gives the distinctive shape of the face, carries the lower teeth, and also supports the processes of expression, breathing and chewing. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new methodology and strategy that provides an integrated environment of techniques and software used to simulate implantation based on patient medical imaging data and the creation of an STL model. The implantation included a case study of a 35-year-old man with a traffic accident in the Mandible. Obtained patient data obtained from CBCT to design a medical model for the required area. Modeling done using threshold technology and computer-aided design. A suitable environment for a comprehensive medical simulation was developed to construct the final medical model and integrate implantation and mandible using the Meshmixer platform. The proposed processes and methodology illustrate the possibility of more specialized implantation where rapid prototyping and reverse engineering techniques can be applied in the medical field to improve surgery, diagnosis, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model-based technique for the control of BMEP (Brake Mean Effective Pressure) and NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) emissions has been developed and then assessed on a FPT F1C Euro VI diesel engine for light-duty applications. The model-based technique requires the adoption of a predictive combustion model to simulate the heat release rate and BMEP, on the basis of the injection pattern, from which NOx emissions can be calculated. The heat release model is based on the accumulated fuel mass approach which needs as inputs the start of injection of the different pulses and the injected fuel mass quantities. The in-cylinder pressure is then simulated using a single-zone approach. The model-based controller defines the optimal values of SOImain and qf,inj that allow the desired targets of BMEP and NOx to be reached cycle-bycycle. The controller has been developed and assessed by means of Model-in-the-Loop (MiL), by coupling a fast running engine model developed in GT-Power environment with the combustion controller developed in Simulink environment. Several load ramps for different engine speeds were simulated in MiL to verify the functionality of the controller. The activity was carried out within a research project in collaboration with FPT Industrial. It was shown that the developed algorithm has a good potential in controlling NOx emissions and BMEP and features real-time capability. Therefore, it is suitable for the subsequent implementation on the engine through rapid prototyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative closed-loop strategy that is able to control the fuel injected mass of a Common Rail diesel injector has been developed. Two pressure time histories measured in the rail-to-injector pipe have been used to calculate the instantaneous mass flow-rate at the injector inlet. This flow-rate has then been integrated between two optimized time instants in order to obtain the mass entering the injector that has been well correlated with the injected mass, for both single and double injections. The rail pressure and the injected mass have been controlled through feedback strategies implemented in a rapid prototyping hardware and the experiments have been carried out on a hydraulic rig. Thanks to the new control strategy, the injected mass accuracy is improved at the different thermal regimes. For single injections, it has been found an inaccuracy in the injected mass below 1 mg and the injector performance dependence on the temperature has been reduced, compared with a state-of-the-art injector controlled by means of the standard strategy. For pilot-main injections, an accuracy within 2 mg of the injected mass has been reached over the whole dwell time range. In particular, a remarkable improvement has been observed in the stability of the injections with small dwell time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a generalized analysis of resonant inverters with parallel loaded resonant capacitor. The cases of operation of resonant inverters in the mode of forced switching of devices (supra resonance frequency mode) and mode of natural switching of devices (sub resonance frequency mode) are considered. The expressions for the input current and the load voltage are derived and all the quantities necessary for the design of these inverters are obtained. By analogy with resonant inverters with serial compensation, the oscillation coefficient is proposed for resonant inverters with parallel compensation - kP and frequency ratio . Hence it is very useful in engineering practice and in teaching Power Electronics. Its applicability is proven with mathematic modelling, control design, computer simulation and rapid prototyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing of copper and steel gradient materials by electron beam freeform fabrication is a novel exploration. C11000 copper was deposited on 321 stainless steel in the experiment. The homogeneity of the microstructure and chemical composition of materials has been characterized at the macro- and micro-scale, using optical microscopy. At the macro level, defects in the type of pores and cracks in the final product were revealed. In order to ensure satisfactory strength characteristics of the product with alternating layers of heterogeneous materials as a whole, it is necessary to optimize the technology of additive manufacturing with the reduction or total elimination of factors influencing the formation of defects. In the present work the structure formation of Cu-Fe polymetallic samples is studied at gradual decrease in supply of stainless steel and increase in supply of copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a fast growing rapid prototyping (RP) technology due to its ability to build functional parts having a complex geometrical shape in a reasonable time period. The quality of built parts depends on many process variables. In this study, three important process parameters, such as layer thickness, orientation, and infill, are considered. Their influence on two responses such as tensile and flexural strength of test specimen is studied. Experiments are conducted based on the Taguchi method in order to reduce experimental runs. Empirical models relating response and process parameters are developed. The validity of the models is tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The major reason for weak strength may be attributed to distortion within or between the layers. Finally, the concept of desirability function is used for maximizing all responses simultaneously. It was found out that the use of layer thickness 0.25 mm, the orientation of 0 degrees, and infill of 100% are suggested in order to find the good strength for three-dimensional printing (3D printing) fused deposition modeling (FDM). Based on the result, it shows that the infill is the most significant factors that affect the strength of the three-dimensional printing (3D printing) fused deposition modeling (FDM) process followed by orientation and the layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incremental Forming process is a flexible and versatile process with a promising future in batch manufacturing and prototyping sectors. Traditional sheet metal forming processes usually involve high costs due to the design and manufacturing processes involved in it, more over the design of die is unique for every individual component. The contemporary sheet metal industry employs forming methods which uses precise punch and dies to form components with precise tolerances. In mass production the high cost involved in the manufacture of dies and punches are absorbed by the number of components formed, whereas this is not the case for low volume production which increases the manufacturing cost of products in low volume production. To solve this, Incremental forming process - a rapid sheet metal forming process has been introduced and is under research for couple of decades. This process still need to be improved in accepts of accuracy and product quality. ISF process needs the following in most of the cases: a simple tool, a fixture for holding sheet material and a universal Computer Controlled Machine (CNC) machine. This paper aim to describe the current status of incremental forming techniques in terms of input process parameters and their influences, formability limit, accuracy, surface finish and the current trend research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing technologies are quickly becoming more accessible and are being integrated in the workflow of the manufacturing industry. These technologies are often used for prototyping in the product design process. However the fact that there is a limited choice of printing materials means that prototypes of rubber components can rarely be printed from the desired material as used for real production. This paper investigates the possibility of producing prototypes of vulcanised rubber components by injection moulding process using 3D-printed Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) inserts. This would allow the production of a batch of rubber parts without needing to produce a metal mould, which is both costly and time consuming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid prototyping is highly applied to polymer processing since it exhibits various advantages compared to other conventional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding, blow molding and etc. One of the most common rapid prototyping technique is fused deposition modelling (FDM) which work based on material extrusion mechanism. FDM referred to be the most common in various applications because it doesn’t require complicated steps and very cost saving. Among the bunch of applications of FDM, one of the polymer that has a major association with this technique is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). ABS is a thermoplastic which become liquefied when heating and harden when cooled down. ABS incorporated with FDM in various method to extend its uses into more areas. Thus, the objective of this is to review the FDM process in detail which includes theoretical aspect of FDM, working mechanism of FDM process, printing parameters and applications of FDM. Addition to that, this paper also reviews the theory of ABS, composites of ABS in use and researched before and their preparation techniques for FDM are also included. Characterisation techniques and their respective properties of fused deposition modelled ABS is also part of this review paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology capable to directly manufacture 3D physical model alongside with their inserted model in an additive nature, where the materials are fused to form a product, unlike the traditional manufacturing method. One of the most common additive manufacturing technology is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). FDM has been used widely for concept modelling and visualisation, fit, form, and functional analysis and rapid manufacturing. This review provides a brief discussion about how additive manufacturing works, the stages involved, beginning from the designing stage until the formation of the final product together with its strength and limitation as a rapid prototyping technique. Fundamental aspects of FDM such as working mechanism and processing parameters are presented to give an overview for the potential readers. This study emphasises the progress of pure Polylactic Acid (PLA) utilising FDM and looks at the opportunity it offers as an advanced material when integrated with filler compounds forming potential composites. A summary of the recent developments of PLA composites have been included, also elaborating the preparation technique and the relevance of the composite developed. Mechanical properties of pure PLA have been characterised in table form highlighting the processing parameter used, types of mechanical tests done and the resulting values from those conducted experiments for comparison purpose. This information will serve as a benchmark for the beginners regarding the progress of PLA as one of the most commonly used material in FDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3d bioprinting is a branch of additive manufacturing rapid prototyping technology that precisely controls the spatial assembly of cells, biomaterials and biological factors, and personalizes macro and micro structures on demand. In addition to personalizing the repair of tissues and organs, the emergence of this technology provides a new way for transplant technology to solve the source and rejection. This article not only introduces the principle technology of 3d bioprinting and bio-ink, but also uses the experiment of cartilage tissue to further discuss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 10 years, selective laser sintering of polymers (SLS), one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies, strongly developed from rapid prototyping towards rapid manufacturing. However, main drawbacks have to be overcome, the limited range of processible materials and the lack of reproducibility of geometrical and mechanical properties in dependence on part positioning and processing parameters. The precise configuration of a homogeneous temperature field might be one of the most crucial factors for stable and reproducible processing, especially when new materials are to be tested. To date, commercially available systems work with build chamber temperature gradients ranging between 7 to 15 K, ignoring the thermal influence of exposure. Within this work, to date available systems for temperature measurements will be evaluated in terms of applicability in a powder based process. In addition, a new method for calibrating the temperature field of a SLS machine with an eight zone heating system will be introduced. Finally, the resulting temperature field is applied and verified by the powder based process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginnings of this century and the end of the last century witnessed a rapid development in production of advanced materials and digital fabrication in architectural construction. This was a combined by the availability of new possibilities in architecture to achieve sustainable solutions, especially to construct double layer facades. Advances have been made to produce concrete that has new properties, especially with self-compacting concrete, which provides new horizons to sustainability by reducing the total amount of cement, water and aggregate, that are required. As well as providing an easier way for construction and possibility of implementation for complex forms. The research problem is revealed as: "The need to identify the role of self-compacting concrete in digital fabrication and architectural construction for the implementation of sustainable design solutions in double layer facades". The research goal is determined as to "Identify the role of self-compacting concrete in digital fabrication and architectural construction for the implementation of sustainable design solutions in double layer fucades". It follows a methodology of five steps. First, the most used types of nanomaterials and fibers that are added to produce self-compacting concrete. Second, fabrication process that is used for producing molds. Third, construction methods. Fourth, the role of self-compacting concrete for sustainability. Fifth, the role of self-compacting concrete in the implementation of sustainable solutions of double layer facades through the case studies that are chosen. The research concludes that the best solution is made by adding smog-eating nanomaterials and recycling building materials to produce precast components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article presents results of using padding welding technology with laser and filler wire as an additional material. Research work presented in this paper shown relation between laser parameters and padding welds geometry. Possibility of rapid prototyping of spatial structures are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive Manufacturing (AM) differs from traditional manufacturing technologies by its ability to handle complex shapes with great design flexibility. These features make the technique suitable to fabricate customized components, particularly answering specific custom needs. Although AM mainly referred to prototyping, nowadays the interest in direct manufacturing of actual parts is growing. This article shows the application of AM within the project 3DP-4H&W (3D Printing for Health & Wealth) which involves engineers and physicians for developing pediatric custom-made medical devices to enhance the fulfilling of the patients specific needs. In the project, two types of devices made of a two-component biocompatible silicone are considered. The first application (dental field) consists in a device for cleft lip and palate. The second one (audiological field) consists in an acoustic prosthesis. The geometries of the devices are based on the anatomy of the patient that is obtained through a 3D body scan process. For both devices, two different approaches were planned, namely direct AM and indirect Rapid Tooling (RT). In particular, direct AM consists in the FDM processing of silicone, while RT consists in molds FDM fabrication followed by silicone casting. This paper presents the results of the RT method that is articulated in different phases: the acquisition of the geometry to be realized, the design of the molds taking into account the casting feasibility (as casting channel, vents, part extraction), the realization of molds produced through AM, molds surface chemical finishing, pouring and curing of the silicone. The fabricated devices were evaluated by the physicians team that confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in fabricating the desired devices. Moreover, the procedure can be used as a general method to extend the range of applications to any custom-made device for anatomic districts, especially where complex shapes are present (as tracheal or maxillary prostheses). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, desktop virtualization is rising in recent years as a branch of virtualization technology. However, existing desktop virtualization systems are mostly designed as a one-to-one mode, which one VM can only be accessed by one user. Meanwhile, previous desktop virtualization systems perform weakly in terms of response time and cost saving. This paper proposes a novel VM-Shared desktop virtualization system based on OpenStack platform. The paper modified the connecting process and the display data transmission process of the remote display protocol SPICE to support VM-Shared function. On the other hand, we propose a server-push display mode to improve user interactive experience. The experimental results show that our system performs well in response time and achieves a low CPU consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of hierarchical slicing algorithm, 3D scanning of enterprise product nailing handle case file is carried out, point cloud data processing is performed on the source file, and the surface modeling and innovative design of nail handling handle case are completed. Using MakerBot Replicator2X-based 3D printer for layered 3D print samples, for the new nail product development to provide reverse modeling and rapid prototyping technical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]