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Nano particles are significant in polymers because they increase stiffness, thermal and dimension stability and barrier effect. Through balancing the homogeneity of a nanoparticle inside the composite, the concentration of stress on nanoparticles may be readily decreased. At this point, homogeneity results in improved load transfer ability across particles, which leads to higher ultimate tensile strength. The current work aims to improve the properties of multilayered composites by selecting and incorporating nanofillers into the structure of the matrix. Following that, the nanomodified resin is combined with continuous glass as well as carbon fibers. The addition of nano silica particles to the composite structure significantly improved the mechanical properties. The obtained results of the tensile test demonstrate a region of early linear deformation, followed by a region of small non-linear deformation due to plasticity and final fracture. The specimen could withstand a maximum load of 18.20 kN before breaking apart in the nano silica percent (3%) and minimum load of 13.6 kN in the percent (1%). The compression force of the percent (1%) with (1.85 kN) and percent (3%) and (8%) with (1.84 kN) is larger compared to the other percentages. In fatigue test, the optimum specimen with the percent of (7 %) fails the test at about (569687 cycles). In terms of the force applied throughout the test and the stress that ensues for the optimum configuration, the numerical results agree with the experimental test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effects of loading and silane treatment of alumina nanoparticle fillers on the mechanical properties of the carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite were investigated. The nanoparticles were introduced into the polymer matrix at three different mass fractions, namely 1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt% of epoxy weight. The nanoparticles increased the average elastic modulus of the composite by more than 80% with a considerable reduction in its tensile strength of close to 29%. The fillers were then treated using three different silane coupling agents, namely (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate, before their introduction into the matrix at 2 wt% loading. It was found that the silane treatment further enhanced the elastic modulus of the composite and compromised the tensile strength of the composite. This experiment shows that silane treatment augmented the effect of alumina particle loading on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composite, and it has negligible impact on the nanocomposite hardness. 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate caused the greatest augmentation whereas (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane the least. Scanning electron microscopy showed the appearance of voids, microcracking, and agglomeration of nanoparticles at 1 wt% to 2 wt%. At 3 wt%, a significantly different matrix rupture was observed. At 1 wt%, the nanoparticles were most uniformly dispersed, which concurred with the greatest enhancement in elastic modulus. However, nanoparticles served as stress concentration sites, reducing the tensile strength. On the other hand, silane treatment seemed to have prevented agglomeration but at the cost of inducing air bubbles that weaken the composites considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concrete structure may perform poorly due to various reasons, such as inadequate structural capacity or improper load distribution, which can lead to stress concentrations. Changes in structural designs and new loading requirements can also render adequate constructions non-compliant with present regulations. To address inadequate capacity, structures must be strengthened and ultimately mitigate the risk of structural failure. The employing of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars in the NSM approach for strengthening reinforced concrete beams was introduced recently. The technique of NSM using GFRP bars is less expensive since not all the structure surfaces need to be covered. FRP rod anchorage is easier using the NSM approach, notably in terms of corrosion. One enhancement approach involves using hybrid concrete sections, which integrate diverse concrete characteristics to improve structural strength for load-bearing. These sections can be created by combining two types of concrete through simultaneous or separate pouring. Six beam specimens were fabricated to assess flexural behavior in the current study. One specimen without any addition of GFRP bars is deemed a control specimen. Five specimens were strengthened by GFRP bars using the NSM approach in the region where the tensile stress is governed. The key parameters adopted in this direction of study are the number and location of GFRP bars embedded. All tested reinforced beam specimens have constant characteristics in terms of geometry; it has an overall length equal to (2300 mm), a clear length between support amounted to (2100 mm), and a cross-section of (200 and 300 mm) as width and total height, respectively. The static load was applied in a two-point bending in which every point applied load away from the support region at a distance of (700 mm). Regarding compressive strength, the top layer of self-compacting high-strength concrete (SCHSC) has a compressive strength of about (65MPa), while the bottom layer comes in normal concrete (NC) at (30MPa) for each tested specimen. Each layer is (150 mm) high and has an equal beam width. Most specimens showed an equal increase of about 40% in cracking load and the cracking deflection went up considerably from 48.25% to 63.5%. By using the NSM approach, specimens strengthened by three GFRP bars had the most significant increase concerning the capacity of load by (137.8%). In the close value found in three GFRP bars at the bottom, two GFRP bars at the bottom increased ultimate deflection by (45.1%). The ductility value revealed a considerable dropping ranging from 39% to 54.1%. The Toughness of strengthened specimens exhibited a substantial increase and the beam with three GFRP bars in the bottom achieved the best value of about (185.4%). The improvement in toughness can be traced to the effectiveness of the NSM approach that was applied in strengthening, which is considered a pivotal point in structural elements. A dominant failure form in specimens is a flexural-tension failure. The specimens tend to lose their bond between concrete and GFRP bars when more than two GFRP bars are added at the bottom of the specimen as high stress surpasses the cohesive strength of epoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the stress concentration of a three-dimensional Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) frame with a semi-rigid connection. The size of tubular profiles is 50mm x 50mm x 6mm, and the profile comprises unidirectional roving. The adhesive bonded connection was made between the beam, column and mechanical insert. Therefore, the analysis considers the bond between the outside surface of the beam, column and mechanical insert. Even though the pultruded GFRP material was anticipated to be linearly elastic and particularly orthotropic, the analysis was considered nonlinear. Because the maximum compressive force occurs at the corner of the mechanical insert and decreases as the distance increases, various failure modes, including bearing, net tension, shear out and cleavage, were found. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that even when the contact clearance is minimal, critical stress distributions normal about the far-field stress do not remain constant but change when the tension rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to numerically analyze the stress of two aluminum structures for a single-column small-scale tensile test machine. Initially, aluminum structures were designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 software, and then the designs were simulated with static simulation analysis using Autodesk Fusion 360 software. This simulation assess the stress distribution, maximum deflection and safety factor of two different aluminum structure when loaded with 1 kN, 3 kN and 5 kN loads, as a simulated tensile load. The results show that both aluminum structure could withstand up to 5 kN load in elastic zone but one has significantly higher rigidity, which made it more suitable to be used as a tensile test machine frame. Overall, it can be concluded that the aluminum structure could be applied for a single-column small-scale tensile test machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticipating the load carrying capacity of deep beams with the aim of controlling the predominant shear failure led to the consideration of the behaviour of deep beams, which is dissimilar from the behaviour of normal beams. Therefore, the usual design methods are not safe due to the fact that theoretical stresses are less than actual stresses. As a result, special design methods based on nonlinear stress distribution are used, which artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the load capacity of simply supported deep beams reinforced with CFRP. Thorough experimental results have been compiled from several previous studies to build up a database that can be used to train and test the developed ANN model. Different input neurons were adopted including the shear span to depth ratio (a/d), the effective concrete compressive strength of concrete (fc′), the cross-sectional area of the diagonal strut (Astrut) and the sin angle of the inclined strut (sinɸ). On the other hand, the ANN output was the ultimate load of simply supported deep beams. Parametric research is also carried out to determine the extent to which certain parameters employed in the created neural network model have an impact on the load capacity. The results showed that ANN can reasonably estimate the load capacity of simply supported CFRP deep beams reinforced with CFRP. occur even in the elastic load range. This research mainly focuses on developing a multi-layer backpropagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of two retrofitting techniques, X-type steel braces, and shear walls, in enhancing the resilience of existing structures using the computer-based software ETABS. Through computational modeling and analysis, the structural behavior of retrofitted buildings under seismic forces is assessed. The comparative analysis includes a simple building without retrofitting measures, a building retrofitted with shear walls, and a building retrofitted with X-type steel braces. Key parameters such as inter-story drift, stress distribution, and displacement are analyzed within ETABS to determine the superior retrofitting approach. The findings provide valuable insights for engineers and architects, aiding in the development of robust retrofitting strategies using ETABS that improve structural integrity and resilience. This research contributes to creating a safer and more resilient built environment, mitigating the risks posed by seismic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power arms are placed bilaterally on the archwire for an en-masse retractive movement of six upper anterior teeth. However, power arms generate more stress concentration and also deforms gradually because they are placed as an extra attachment on the archwire. To resolve this issue, the novel power loop was designed in this orthodontics research. This power loop was modelled as an integral part of the archwire. The power arm was placed in between lateral incisor tooth and canine tooth as an additional attachment. While, the power loop was modelled near extracted first pre-molar region to apply retractive force more parallel to sagittal plane (plane dividing left and right arch of teeth). The computer aided design (CAD) structures of both power arm as well as power loop along with brackets, archwire and surrounding teeth structures were prepared and finite element analysis was performed to compare power arm and power loop. The von-mises (maximum equivalent) stress in power arm was found as approximately 2.5 times greater than in power loop. While, the maximum total deformation in power arm was obtained as approximately 5 times greater than in power loop. Thus, the results of the finite element analysis showed that the power loop is more stable and sturdy structure than power arm. The integral nature of power loop with archwire can be interpreted as one of the reasons for this stability and sturdiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increase in day-to-day demand in automobile the rate of accidents is also being increased on daily basis. To ensure the safe journey of the passengers, the overall vehicle structure should have enough strength to withstand the impact load caused due to collision of vehicle with other objects. The car crash is a transient non-linear phenomenon which undergoes a huge plastic deformation at the time of collision. The design of car should be carried out to understand the structure deformation under impact loading. In the present paper, we have carried out the crash test analysis with the help of simulation software. Using Finite Element Analysis software various load cases are executed to check the safe design of automobile. The results of car crash analysis is used to estimate the maximum stress concentration and the total deformation caused due to impact. Different materials were tested for the same design and choice of the better performing material can be made based on mechanical properties. Results of the car crash test indicates the Aluminum based alloy is performing better in car crash test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot-dip galvanizing is a defensive layer technique widely use to prevent corrosion damage in steel structure. There have been many reported points in which cracks have formed in steel during the process, and root causes of these cracks remain poorly understood. The investigation in the mechanical and fatigue strength of uncoated and coated steel B500B with hot-dip galvanizing HDG have been experimentally examined in an earlier study, the steel B500B was coated with hot dip galvanizing according to ASTM A123 have been used, more investigation needs to cover such subject, for wide knowledge in the fatigue failure of such treated steel due to endurance limit up to 107 cycles according to ASTM (E8/E8M−16). The numerical simulation and scanning electron microscope SEM were employed as the main investigation method in this study. Examination on the surface after failure has been noticed roughness on the coated region, which is the sources of cracks initiation and stress concentration. In addition, the results of numerical analysis, verified that existence of coating imperfections, imposed a significant stress concentration leading to an effective reduction of the expected life time of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration signal response analysis is studied and the Rayleigh method is theoretically used for the calculation of the natural frequency, mode shapes and the associated stress distribution. An experimental analysis of signal for a thin wire as cantilever beams with d = 1mm and 0.5mm, weight 11.9g and 4.5g respectively, is investigated using Arduino Uno interface card with Piezo sensor for a thin stainless steel wire vibration measurements, Matlab program is used for solving the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Frequency Response Function (FRF) with carve fitting need for signal analysis. The external design of the form is Changed as the same changed shape of a produced wave in mode shape, in this deformed part the recalculation of parameters study is done and the results are compared with numerical solution, which has been used FEM simulation in Solid Works software with a percentage error between 0.03-0.22%. The simulation results in each method are acceptable for 10% of deformation from the total wire length used, with two smooth deformed edges which have more natural frequency values compared with sharp deformed edge under loading effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing is a manufacturing process that made a 3D model layer by layer. The problem arises when a 3D model wants to be produced in big size. Currently, the size of 3D printers that available on the are relatively small, around 235 mm × 235 mm × 250 mm. Alternatively we can print in small parts and assemble it together by using joints. The sharp corners on the geometry joint can cause stress concentration which can allow failure to the structure. The purpose of this research is to figure out how the variation of fillet, chamfer, and width ratio on the contact surface affect the von Mises stress value in the T-joint that made from PLA. The mechanical properties of PLA acquired from tensile test using ASTM D3039 standard. Furthermore, the data was used as an input for simulate the strength of model. The static analysis was performed to the model. Furthermore, von Mises stress and safety factor was recorded and analyzed to evaluate the strength of the model. The results showed that increase in fillet radius decreased the maximum von Mises stress. The minimum value of von Mises stress with fillet parameter is 48.979 MPa. The parameter of chamfer had the lowest value of von Mises stress on angle geometry of 30° the minimum value is 51.056 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crack analysis on coil spring is intended to simulate stress, fatigue life, SIF mode I, II, J-Integral, and fatigue crack growth rate. Simulations were carried out using the Ansys Static Structural approach. The material used was tested for its composition and obtained SAE 9260 steel material is. The simulation results in conditions without crack show that the stress concentration point occurs in the 2nd coil according to the location of the coil spring fracture with an equivalent value of von misses 1236.1 MPa below the ultimate tensile strength value of SAE 9260 material. The results of the stress intensity factor value show that mode II shows the highest value was KII=171.11 MPa mm , compared to the value of KI=97.175 MPa mm . This is following the analysis of the number of cycles and the fatigue crack growth rate in mode II which has a lower number of cycles of 97500 cycles compared to mode I which is 677700 cycles, while in mode II it has a critical crack size value of 10.28 mm followed by a drastic decrease in strength. The maximum value of J-Integral for the given crack is 0.33962 mJ/mm2 which is located at the end of the crack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of strains in composite structural elements with various types of stress concentrators are studied in the article on the example of boron aluminum; various ways to reduce the stress concentration factor by establishing reinforcing holes are considered: an analytical solution, taking into account the structural non-homogeneity of the material and the finite element method. A review of publications on the topic of research is given and, using a specific example, stress reduction by adding a second hole to the existing one along the vertical line is shown. A computational experiment was conducted to study the influence of two vertical holes. It was established that an additional hole causes an increase in stresses; however, the mutual influence of the holes reduces the overall stress state in the vicinity of concentrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the interaction of a plane wave with a moving massive barrier in a two-layer elastoplastic medium is solved analytically and numerically by the method of characteristics based on the theory of deformations, including generalized equations of state of the medium. The propagation of a plane shock wave in an elastoplastic medium with a more complex equation of state of the forming medium has been studied. The results show that taking into account nonlinear elastic impact diagrams leads to an increase in the circular stress wave compared to an elastic medium. It has been established that the stress concentration in a spherical cavity is higher than in a cylindrical one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes cause damage to infrastructure, such as buildings. A good structural design is needed to reduce the destruction and can withstand earthquake loads. This study aimed to determine the behavior of the Steel Plate Shear Wall (SPSW) due to the effect of the number of perforations on the straight hole arrangement due to monotonic static loading. This research was conducted using a numerical method using the MSC Patran/Nastran. This plate uses variations in the number of holes with a diameter of 50 mm and has a plate thickness of 1 and 2 mm. The results showed that, first, every additional number of perforations the value of the load will decrease. Second, increasing the plate thickness from 1 mm to 2 mm. increases the load capacity that can be achieved at a drift of 4%. Third, the stiffness of the structure decreases with the size of the given perforation. Finally, the initial stress distribution in each model occurs on the diagonal tension side of the shear wall plate and then spreads to all parts of the shear wall plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shear wall is a structural wall made of steel or reinforced concrete that serves to withstand shear forces or lateral loads on the structure. Using a shear wall on the frame can increase the structural capacity. This study aims to determine the structural performance of corrugated steel plate shear walls. The steel plate uses a thickness variation of 3-10 mm. The system then loads by a monotonic static load in the form of displacement. The simulation in this study uses finite element-based software. The test results are the ultimate load, structural ductility, and stress distribution patterns on the steel frame structure. The final result obtained is a curve of load-displacement relationship, ductility, and the stress distribution pattern of the shear wall varies in plate thickness. The increase in shearwall thickness will increase the load and ultimate displacement values. At a thickness of 4 mm – 10 mm, the increase in the ultimate load value is 1.37 – 1.44 times greater than the ultimate load value in the shear wall with a thickness of 3 mm. While the increase in ductility values for variations in the thickness of 4 mm - 10 mm, the increase in ductility values is 55.91% - 587% of the ductility values that occur in shearwall with a thickness of 3 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of press-fitting on the stress concentration and fatigue life of axles. Models of finite element analysis (FEA) with and without the press-fitting effect were developed using Abaqus software. These models were used to analyze the axle strength and profile the stress histories under various loads and running conditions, such as bending load, wheel-rail contact force, lateral force, and press-fitting force. Their combined loads were responsible for the axle fracture. Also, the prediction of fatigue life was extended to a three-dimensional stress state under fully reversed cyclic loading and variable overload spectra using commercial Fe-safe software with a strain-based Brown-Miller Morrow fatigue algorithm. With the press-fitting effect, the maximum von Mises stress at the groove notch transition zone of the axle was 6% higher than without the press-fitting effect. Press-fitting reduced the fatigue life of an axle by 37% compared to the ones without press-fitting, and the most damage happened at the same node as the maximum von Mises stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information is given on the influence of the surface roughness of paint and varnish coatings on the stress state. The distribution of internal stresses from the action of temperature was considered. The calculation was performed using the SCAD Office software module. The uneven distribution of stresses over the cross section and strike of the surface of the coatings is established. It was revealed that the surface roughness of the paint coating contributes to the emergence of a more stressed state in the contact zone and on the surface of the coatings. Stress isofields and distribution diagrams of normal and shear stresses over the coating section are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis furnaces in petrochemical plants are operated in some of the most unfavorable conditions in terms of elevated temperatures. The complex thermal power loading of the coil during operation and the unevenness of this loading negatively affect the service life of the coil pipes and largely predetermine the residual life. During the operation of the coil, it is possible to develop a variety of options that lead to premature failure of the coil. This is the occurrence of various defects, and the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the metal, and the occurrence of zones of concentration of increased stresses, etc. The regulatory documentation describes in detail the algorithm for diagnosing and standards for rejecting furnace coils. As a rule, the key aspects and criteria are non-destructive and destructive types of testing, as well as strength calculations. However, the current methods for assessing the technical condition of furnace coils do not include work on modeling coils and assessing the stress-strain state considering degradation during operation. In this regard, the studies on the change in the stress-strain state of the pyrolysis furnace coil during operation are relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of vessels and apparatus of the oil and gas processing industry are operated under the influence of aggressive working media, which cause corrosive wear of metal of equipment elements and assemblies. Corrosion wear is one of the main reasons for reducing the safety factor and switching the equipment to the limit state. Also, with the beginning of operation of technical devices, the so-called irreversible process of accumulation of various levels of damage is launched, which is realized from the influence of various factors on the metal. Scratches are one of the most common damages found on the surfaces of structural elements of the equipment. Damage of this type very often occurs during the delivery of equipment to its place of operation, installation, maintenance and repair. As a rule, defects such as scratches are not critical and do not have a decisive role for the safe operation of the equipment. However, under certain operating conditions and at certain points in the structure of the equipment, they can be sources of concentration of increased stresses and affect the stressed-deformed state of the element. Therefore, the actual work is the evaluation of the change in the stress-strain state of the flat manhole cover with scratch at thinning of the wall thickness of the flat cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process tubular furnaces are unique technical devices of oil and gas production and consist of a rather diverse number of structural elements, which in turn experience different operational loads. The elements of the radiant chamber of the furnace are operated in the most difficult conditions in terms of exposure to elevated temperatures, and as a result, they are most often subjected to various damages and fail. The main element of the radiant chamber is a tubular coil, which consists of straight pipes of a certain length and punches. The coil is fixed using appropriate support elements. The type and number of supporting elements is set by the design, depending on the type of furnace, design features and operating conditions. During the operation of the coil, a situation is possible in which any of the supports jam, which may negatively affect reliable and safe operation. Therefore, the actual work is the study of the stress-strain state of the coil using the appropriate software systems, which makes it possible to identify the places of concentration of increased stresses and the nature of the distribution of strains taking into account the impact of internal pressure, temperature loads, as well as the possible jamming of the coil supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compressor is an integral part of the mechanical process industry, widely used in the oil and gas sector. The tandem cylinder belongs to the class of small cylinders with a range of bore diameter from 1.8" to 1.25". Methane gas is compressed in a cylinder to transfer the gas from one place to another. In the three-stage reciprocating gas compressor, the tandem cylinder compresses the gas from 160 bar to 225 bar at an operating speed of 1800 rpm. The tandem cylinder is a single-acting cylinder connected to the three-stage compressor by a common connecting rod The present research work uses ASME codes and API 618 standards to design the tandem cylinder. The numerical investigation is carried out using a commercial tool to study the thermal stress concentration, total deformation, and modal analysis. In a tandem cylinder, the thermal stress ranges from 50 to 150 MPa, below the allowable stress, and the deformation all along the surface of the bore is 0.01 mm, below the maximum permissible deformation. The numerical investigation shows a frequency of 97 Hz, which is significantly higher than the natural frequency. Consequently, the tandem cylinder is stable under the specified operating conditions and won't resonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load as a based in design of devices or product. Loading affects stress distribution in the structure. Analyzed distribution is important in the design because it is based on success for the construction performance. Developing and producing a product does not involve stress in the construction of simple devices. The result of the study can help to decide the dimension and materials for ladle and other parts. This study discussed stress distribution based on a simulation analysis. Load data was decided 0,25 % form maximum material strength. The dimension of ladle and hand lift device was based on calculation. The focus of discussion was stress, displacement, and strain. The highest stress magnitude was 388 Mpa when analyzed based on the zz side. The highest displacement occurs in the tip of the horizontal element and the magnitude is around 1 mm; this was analyzed based on the X axis. Strain occurs in the upside of both horizontal elements near the corner joint when analyzed through the yy side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of operational stress, metal materials degrade. At elevated and high temperatures, which are the operating conditions of a number of power plants, a significant process under static stress conditions is slow time-dependent plastic deformation – creep, often associated with intergranular breakage. These processes lead to a limit state determining the creep life of the component and eventually to intergranular creep fracture, usually associated with very low creep strain values. Due to these very low values of strain to fracture, the process of creep deformation is very dangerous. Problem turns both to knowledge of the microscopic processes in front of the crack front and in the whole body, since these failure processes can be governed by different laws than the failure processes at large distances from the crack front. The behaviour of a dimensional crack during creep is the subject not only of experimental observation, but also of crack propagation modelling using the cohesive approach implemented in the finite element method (FEM). From experimental observations follows that macroscopic crack propagation is critically dependent on two competing processes: a) relaxation of the stress concentration at the crack front by creep deformation, leading to crack blunting, b) acceleration of the cavitation process (creep intergranular failure) in front of the crack front. In the presented article, both experimental and numerical procedures are used to estimate the behaviour of these bodies with a priori crack of this austenitic steel, whose designation according Czech standard is also 18CrNi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials offer a unique combination of properties from lightweight and high strength to long-term durability and cost-effectiveness that opens the field for their application in different industries. However, under the application of an impact load, complex distribution of stresses and strains is produced in the composite. Researchers investigated different impact mitigation techniques like changing core designs to enhance load impact resistance and strength. Others examined fluid-filled barriers to mitigate the impact of ballistic loading by investigating the energy response and the energy absorption. In this research, the effect of filling a honeycomb core with water on its impact resistance and deformation behavior is examined. Numerical experiments were conducted using Abaqus/CAE software. Two different spacings for the core structure were examined. Results show that the water's ability to absorb kinetic energy resulted in a delay in damage initiation and propagation. Closer spacing between core-core structural elements increased the stiffness of the sandwich panel, improving its blast mitigation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Formula One (F1) circuit typically consists of 14 to 18 turns. The speed of the F1 car changes during the accelerating, decelerating, cornering, and braking according to the layout and condition of the circuit. The changes of pace and horizontal forces involved, especially in the cornering area, would impact the performance of racetrack pavement. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of the cornering maneuver on stress and strain distributions at the surfacing and the bonding between the surfacing and the layer underneath at different speeds and cornering radius. The Mechanistic-Empirical Design approach was implemented in this study, and BISAR 3.0 software was used to calculate the distribution of stresses and strains within the racetrack pavement structure. Then, the Nottingham Design Method was used in the thickness design by considering the effect of the cornering maneuver. The results indicate that the compressive strain at the surfacing decreases as the speed increases. When the bond between the surfacing and layer underneath increases, the shear stress increases too. The lowest speed with a tighter cornering radius shows higher horizontal forces, thus indicating the racetrackpressureent's most elevated stress and strain distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days we observe the emerging trend of replacing metals with the composite material. These composites create applications promising today that stood virtually inconceivable just yesterday. Though there is lot of successful rese arch undergone in weight reduction factor of the metals but based on few parameters these metals were always lagging behind. The current aim is to study the stress distribution i.e. bursting pressure of Pressure-Vessel prepared with composite materials. PV is analyzing using ANSYS to obtain optimum helix angle. Finite element analysis-(FEA) tool namely ANSYS is used to run the program. The letdown of PV is resolute from the output built on individual parameters buckle, failure strain and stress. Finally the results are compared and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores strategies to guarantee the reliable performance of power equipment as part of the efforts to ensure the safety of energy complexes during the "green transformation" period. It analyzes the necessity of energy resources, particularly nuclear energy, as a form of renewable energy, and examines its role in facilitating the "green" transformation. Based on this analysis, it concludes that achieving an effective "green" transformation requires ensuring the operational safety of energy equipment. This can be accomplished by developing science-based approaches for technically diagnosing the condition of power systems and individual equipment. The article proposes a methodology for conducting studies on the technical condition of power equipment, employing mathematical models to assess their state under varying load conditions. Additionally, it presents the outcomes of experimental studies conducted on the pipeline systems of the main circulation circuit of a nuclear power plant. The experiments included determining the seismic loading and the resulting stresses experienced under different conditions, such as normal operation, design earthquake, and maximum design earthquake. The combined findings from the calculated and experimental studies demonstrate that the stress distribution in the investigated pipeline systems adheres to standard parameters, ensuring both quality and safety for future operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete deep beams are commonly used in high-rise structures to withstand heavy loads. In the construction of deep beams, openings are often enclosed for accessibility and to allow access to necessary services like power, ventilation, and network systems. However, Deep beam openings can cause several problems with performance, such as decreased beam strength, significant cracking, and deflection. As a result, this study was carried out to investigate the performance of self-compacting concrete deep beams with longitudinal openings reinforced by steel tubes. The behavior of five specimens have been studied in this research; different longitudinal square and rectangular openings (square openings in a tension zone with dimensions (4in, 3in) and rectangular openings with sizes (3 in*1.5in) were used in this study. All specimens have the same dimensions (1600mm length, 425mm total height, and (250mm) width, for comparison purposes, one of these specimens was cast with a solid section (without longitudinal opening). The main problems included in this research are the presence of longitudinal openings, size of openings, voiding ratio, and opening reinforcement. The cracks pattern, deflection, and load capacity were all measured and discussed. The experimental study reveals that longitudinal openings reduce the loading capacity of self-compacting (SCC) reinforced deep concrete beams; moreover, Increasing the opening size also lowers the load capacity. The structural performance of small openings was similar to that of the reference specimen. The results showed that the reduction in ultimate and cracking load of beams with square openings was (21.57 to 24.31) percent and (17.65 to 26.47) percent, while the reduction in ultimate load and cracking load in beams rectangular openings was(20.59 to 31.37) percent and (11.18 to 34.71)percent compared with the reference specimen, due to the sharp edges in rectangular, which led to stresses concentration in the corners and large failure in the specimens. Using steel pipes to strengthen the longitudinal opening effectively increased stiffness and load carrying capacity of deep beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NNW-UGKS, an engineering-oriented solver package based on the Unified Gas Kinetic Scheme(UGKS) for flows covering various regimes, is briefly introduced in the current paper. Then the hypersonic flowfield around a sharp-edged vehicle at high altitude is simulated with NNW-UGKS. The aerodynamic force coefficients, the pressure, the stress and heat distributions on the surface are compared with DSMC results. Good agreements have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bones play a leading role in baring and supporting the weight of the Human body, in majority of the circumstances most of the weight of the body is borne the legs. In many cases, the sudden or impact load causes bone injury. As a result, it is vital to assess the impact of imposed stresses or effect of load on bones. The Tibia lies beneath the knee joint, carries much of the body weight. As a result, the ability and strength of the bone to support weight of the body must be evaluated. The structural behavior of Tibial bone was simulated by using FEA (Finite Element Analysis) software with static loading conditions and this investigation is done on Total Deformation and Equivalent stress (Von-Mises). The CAD (Computer Aided Design) model of the Tibia bone is created by using CREO and was imported into ANSYS Workbench. The created Tibia bone 3D model was examined with the finite element analysis under static loading conditions, and the stresses and deformation were simulated by using ANSYS Workbench. This analysis is conducted on the bone made of materials 5th grade Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and Magnesium alloy (WE43) and compared with the properties of Natural human bone. Load acting on the Tibial bone plays a crucial role in stress concentration, fatigue, creep. The analysis results shows that Magnesium alloy (WE43) has low density and lower maximum equivalent stress and total deformation in different loading conditions, this shows that Magnesium alloy WE43 is better, stronger, and more authentic alternative for the natural bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using steel jackets around reinforced concrete columns is a widespread technique for static and seismic retrofitting applications. The dimensionless interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns strengthened with steel angles are not attempted yet. Thus, this paper presents the formulation of dimensionless interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete columns strengthened with steel angles and strips. The axial loads and uniaxial bending moments are calculated using the plastic stress distribution method, and then the dimensionless interaction diagrams are generated. These diagrams enable analysis (estimation of the column load carrying capacity) and design (required amount of steel reinforcement) of such columns. Numerous examples are given to explain the Use of the new proposed diagrams. These examples have shown that the new proposed charts are straightforward in structural analysis and design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connected piled raft (CPR) and disconnected pile raft (DCPR) foundation design concepts presented by several researchers are reviewed and detailed in this paper. The main aim of the current study is to explore the feasibility of utilizing a disconnected piled raft by comparing its behavior with that related to the connected piled raft. For this purpose, a review study was performed on the connected and disconnected piled raft. A connected piled raft foundation (CPR) was discovered to reduce differential and total settlement by strategically placing piles beneath the raft. Disconnected pile raft foundation (DCPR) as the foundation has been introduced, and piles are instead of structural members, soil reinforcement was considered. Granular material can be used to fill the gap between the piles and the raft, distributing stresses under the raft and reducing stress concentration at the pile heads. DPR is similar to CPR in terms of favorable conditions. However, DPR has been found to be a more effective foundation system (depending on different conditions). It is also concluded that DCPR is efficient in reducing the differential settlement. The stiffness and the thickness of the interposed cushion layer govern the amount of differential settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high strength-to-weight ratio of advanced polymer composites as compared to standard metallic materials makes them, particularly in demand. As with the reinforcement of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into epoxy resins and reinforcement of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) into the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix, the addition of fibers to the polymer matrix boosts their directional strength. The advanced polymer composites also referred to as electroactive polymers (EAPs), produce voltage upon deformation and become deflected by an applied voltage. In this study, a composite PVDF/CNF sheet is modeled with the assumption that it will act similarly to a cantilever beam. In order to use finite element analysis (FEA) theory to calculate the stress distribution and reaction forces on the fixed side of the sheet, the sheet is exposed to an equal magnitude of tensile and compressive loads. According to the FEA results, the PVDF/CNF sheet's produced stress and reaction force are greater under compressive load than under tensile load. The results of this study can be used to determine the EAP composites' safe working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft robots are mostly created by drawing inspiration from bio-living organisms. Soft robots are flexible and compliant by nature, which enables them to adapt to an uncontrolled and unstructured environment. The effectiveness of the soft actuators can be used to define the performance of soft robots. The low weight and increased output force of the fluid (pneumatically) actuated soft actuators make them much more usable. The soft actuators, which were created by stimulating the muscles and motion of aquatic animals like fish, are extensively employed in both marine and numerous industrial applications. The locomotion of the fish in the water is due to their undulatory body movements. Numerous research offers data on muscle activity and body kinematics to help understand the swimming mechanism. In this study, a soft actuator inspired by a fishtail structure is developed. The layout of the actuator's air chambers and 'fish rib structure is closely related. The analysis of the soft actuator makes use of the finite element analysis (FEA) theory. The Ogden hyperelastic material model is used to assess the soft actuator's bending and the stress distribution within the air chambers. Maximum bending from the soft actuator is 310 at 12 kPa of pneumatic pressure. The top wall of the soft actuator encounters maximum stress of 89.22 kPa at 12 kPa pneumatic pressure. Future practical development of the planned soft actuator can be made using the results of the FEA analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire aging or failure takes place on a drawn wire because of the accumulation of residual stress which will accelerate the wire-rope failure. In this work, an attempt is made to simulate and predict the stress accumulation developed in the multi-pass system using ABAQUS CAE. A numerical technique was used as the benchmark for performing the finite element analysis (FEA). The stress distribution on the surface in the multi-pass drawing process of the steel rod was simulated with various die input angles. The rod properties including yield strength, poison ratio, and modulus of elasticity used as boundaries condition in this simulation are based on JIS G3502 steel. The stress values were high during the second (Die 2-403 MPa) and third (Die 3-446 MPa) multi-pass stages. The Cockroft and Latham criterion showed that ductile damage was high during the third (Die 3) multi-pass stages, with the highest stress values at 16° and 18° entrance angles. The results indicated that the maximum value of the stress increases with the increase of the input angle and decrease of the cross-section. In addition, the increase in the die angle leads to an increase in the maximum value of the residual stress. The maximum residual stresses possess in 16° and 18° die input angles are 446 MPa, and that is the maximum point of fracture occurrence. The numerical analysis carried out showed that raising the die inlet angle can greatly reduce residual stress that builds up in the wire after the drawing process. These findings indicated the effect of the die input angle on the stress distribution in the wire drawing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on determining stresses in the knee-ankle-foot-orthosis as a consequence of the effect of vibration throughout the gait cycle for a patient wearing a knee-ankle-foot-orthosis and comparing it with the value of stresses after changing the material selection in the band from aluminum to polypropylene. The experimental part involved measuring the interface pressure between the orthosis and the leg. In addition, an accelerometer is used to measure the acceleration that results from the motion of the defective limb. Results show the maximum stress value with aluminum orthosis at bar contact with Gracilis muscle is reduced by a present 38.92%, where the stresses values in orthosis with polypropylene band are lower than orthosis with the aluminum band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been performed a numerical analysis based on the finite element method that used the practical results of the mechanical compression test of the PMMA-HAP-MgO Nano composite, to investigate the possible applicability of this Nano composite in the field of dental materials. HAP and MgO nanoparticles strongly enhanced the elastic modulus up to 1697 MPa and the ultimate stress reach 135 MPa. The stress distribution analysis in PMMA-HAP-MgO Nano composite evidenced the improvement in mechanical properties and durability, the factor of safety has never been less than 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plate construction with holes is often utilized in engineering and is commonly found in lightweight (airplane) structures. 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) plate with a hole is potential to use in lightweight (airplane) structures. It's essential to comprehend the stress concentration of 3D printed PLA plates and even the stress behavior around the hole. This study calculates the stress concentration factor of the flat and curved PLA plate structures printed using 3D printing and studies the stress features surrounding holes of the plate structure. ANSYS was used to create the flat and curved plate with holes of 40 mm, 20 mm, and 10 mm in diameter. With a 2.5 N/mm2 applied load to the plate, such models were put through finite element analysis and simulations using ANSYS to investigate the maximum stress in the longitudinal direction, which was then likened to the theoretical result using the analytical technique. The Stress Concentration Factor (Kt) vs. Plate Diameter graph indicates that the stress concentration factor increases with decreasing diameter. The stress versus diameter graph for elements with dimensions of 5 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm compares the maximum stress between analysis methods and finite element analysis. The result shows that the smaller the hole diameter for the flat and curved plate, the higher the stress concentration factor. The maximum stress is demonstrated to be decreasing as the hole gets smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different cross head speed on the tensile and flexural behavior of sugarcane bagasse reinforced epoxy composites has been studied. The epoxy based composites with 5 wt. % varying reinforcement (5, 10 and15) was developed using hand layup technique. The tensile behavior of these composites has been studied using different cross head speed (5, 25 and 50 mm/min) as per ASTM D3039 method. The flexural behavior of same composites has been reported using different cross head speeds (1, 1.5 and 2 mm/min) as per ASTM D790 method. It is observed from the experimented results that mechanical behavior is a function of cross head speeds. The tensile strength and the flexural strength have been improved with increase in cross head speed. This may due to uniform stress distribution across the matrix – fiber interface and also the compatibility between both matrix and fiber. Further, higher reinforcement of bagasse fiber results in decrease of tensile strength but significant increase in flexural strength of composites. This may be due to generation of voids and non-resin section due to improper impregnation of fiber and matrix. The ductility of composites also followed the same trend as that of strength behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the issues of the stress-strain state of a wall structure made of cellular concrete, reinforced with composite rods, under thermal exposure and the issues of reinforcing reinforced concrete structures with composite sheets are considered. Cellular concretes have high thermal characteristics and are widely used in construction. The main disadvantage of cellular concrete is low strength characteristics under tensile loads, so the issues of strengthening cellular concrete in tension are an important and urgent problem. One of the main advantages of using composite materials in building structures is the resistance of the composite material to corrosion. A review of theoretical and experimental works on the study of building structures on the influence of temperature loads has been carried out. For the use of multilayer composite webs, a method for determining the reduced characteristics of multilayer composite webs with different arrangements of the base of composite materials is considered. The problem is solved by the finite element method. As a result of the solution, a model of a wall panel was obtained, an approximation of a wall panel reinforced with composite materials by finite elements. Was obtained the mosaics of the deformed state of the wall panel, the shear stresses and the distribution of principal stresses were carried out. The convergence of the obtained results was checked by condensing the finite element mesh. The results obtained were compared with the available experimental studies, and their good agreement was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the research work is connected with the implementation of the vector method into the SolidWorks software program in order to determine the kinematic quantities of individual solid bodies in the whole investigated system. The rapid convergence was achieved owing to the application of the Newton-Raphson method for complex types of mechanisms in relation to the motion of mutually bonded solid body systems, involving the passive resistances in individual kinematic bonds. The process of dynamic analysis is based on kinematic analysis. Dynamic analysis allows to create the correct design of a solid body system with respect to the dynamic loading. A five-item/member planar mechanism was used as an example (representative) to interpret the introduced analysis. The graphical dependence of the kinematic and dynamic quantities in some points is given in dependence on angle of rotation for the driving item/member and in dependence on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gear transmissions are widely used in modern machines due to the high efficiency, invariability of gear ratio, large power range and compactness of construction. The design process of such machine parts is rather complex since multiple factors such as geometrical, technological, exploitation and material features has an impact on the obtained results. In this paper, the influence of the parameters of the zero-backlash spur gear wheel on the stress distribution is presented with using finite element analysis performed in ABAQUS. The obtained results shows the importance of proper shaping of the geometrical features of the gear wheel. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to improve the design process of zero-backlash gear transmissions as well as to analyze the existing designs in order to verify its exploitation properties. Additionally, the presented research has a didactic purpose to highlight main risks and problems with using dynamic FEM analysis for analyzing gear transmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the methodology for selecting the geometric parameters for the drive system components with a flat conveyor belt made of steel, with particular consideration of the belt thickness in relation to the diameter of the drum. The article presents the variance of the value of the bending stress of the belt as a function of the belt wheel (drum) diameter for different belt thicknesses. The results of the simulation analyses (Abaqus) were compared to the values obtained on the basis of analytical calculations. The obtained results may be employed in belt press design. The value of stress at the belt cross-section enables to estimate the possibility for additional loading of the belt for the purpose of compressive force generation for products subject to compaction. The developed FEM simulation model will be employed in the further stages of the research to determine the material compacting stresses for a given belt tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue failure is one of the failure modes that commonly should be considered in machine component design. This study aims to estimate the fatigue stress concentration factor of 6061 aluminum alloy for a solid bar with various grooves numerically. A solid aluminum bar with a diameter of 8 mm and various groove radii between 1.00 mm to 8.00 mm was used during the simulation performed by commercial software. A completely rotating bending fatigue loading (R=−1) was carried out during simulation by applying various alternating stresses. The simulation results show that the fatigue stress concentration factor decreases as the ratio of groove radius to the bottom of the groove (r/d) increase. A decrease in the ratio of large bar diameter to small bar diameter (D/d) also causes a reduction in the fatigue stress concentration factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall lateral stability of the structural system for residential buildings relies mainly on the precast concrete wall panels as a lateral resistance system. Hence, the connection between the wall panels plays a crucial role in providing structural integrity. On the other hand, the interaction effect of interfaces between the precast and post-cast concrete of the wall panel and the intermediate joint directly impacts the structural capacity and integrity of the connected parts and the overall structural system. Therefore, numerically remains challenging for many researchers to simulate the interaction of the interfaces between the concrete cast at different times. Thus, the researchers of this paper aimed to simulate the precast concrete wall-to-wall connection using Abaqus Software to investigate the impact of casting concrete at different times on the capacity of the joint and overall integrated wall panel under lateral monotonic loading. Based on the findings, the load displacement showed good composite action. However, the interaction effect of interfaces due to casting concrete at different times reduces the initial stiffness, expedites the yielding, and delays the hardening stage. On the other hand, as the displacement was applied at the top of the left panel, the load transfer mechanism between the wall panel caused stress concentration at the interfaces between the intermediate joint and the left wall panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper a program THINWALLRES is explained to obtain the elastic and plastic resistance of thin walled HVH sections under many combinations of the internal forces: axial force N, shear forces Vz and Vy, bending moments My and Mz, bimoment B, warping torsional moment Tw (= Mxw) and Saint Venant torsional moment Tt (= Mxs). The program THINWALLRES can at the moment solve various HVH-sections (H – Horizontal upper flange, V – Vertical web, H – Horizontal bottom flange), i.e. I-sections and H-sections that can be monosymmetrical, channel sections and Z-sections. The background of the theory is briefly explained. The results provided by the program are the elastic normal stresses, shear stresses and von Mises stresses due to any combinations of eight internal forces. The plastic stress distribution under given internal forces, plastic factor and up to ten different interaction diagrams combinations may be obtained with THINWALLRES. The results in the form of diagrams are helpful in the safe and economic design of metal (steel and aluminium) thinwalled members of the Classes 1, 2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of flexural behavior of RC beam is accomplished by using Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed in software called MATLAB.MATLAB is algorithmic software that will be used to simulate the problem statement using an algorithm. MATLAB is a high-performance numerical computation and visualisation software package. Shear force diagrams and bending moment diagrams are more necessary to analyse beam because they serve as the foundation for studying beams developed stresses and deflections. MATLAB is a powerful and flexible tool for computational and graphic analysis that can be used as convenient software for beam analysis by generating shear force diagrams and bending moment diagrams for any type of beam based on loading and support conditions. In this current study, Graphical User Interface (GUI) in MATLAB has been built to generate and assess SF diagram and BM diagram for simply supported beam packed with point load and uniformly distributed load. This study is also concerned with conducting non-linear finite element analysis on reinforced concrete beam by developing MATLAB code to find stress distribution, damage behavior and load displacement response. The GUI in MATLAB code is used to develop a quick and efficient method of analysing the reinforced concrete beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development of irreversible deformation from the tips of an internal defect in rock under cyclic loading within an elastic-viscoplastic framework. Nonlinear stress-strain curves are obtained which show hysteresis loops and a stage where stresses decrease with continuing deformation. It is shown that irreversible deformation and failure of the sample under cyclic loading can occur without increasing the level of the applied load. Zones of residual stresses during unloading are located next to the areas of stress concentration at the active stage of loading. Numerical modeling was carried out in 2D and 3D formulations using original numerical codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]