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Background and Purpose: fcMRI measures spontaneous and synchronous fluctuations of BOLD signal between spatially remote brain regions. The present study investigated potential LN fcMRI modifications induced by left hemisphere brain gliomas., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated fcMRI in 39 right-handed patients with a left hemisphere brain glioma and 13 healthy controls. Patients and controls performed a verb-generation task to identify individual BOLD activity in the left IFG (Broca area); the active region was used as seed to create whole-brain background connectivity maps and to identify the LN (including bilateral regions of the IFG, STS, and TPJ) following regression of task-evoked activity. We assessed differences between patients and controls in the pattern of functional connectivity of the LN, as well as potential effects of tumor position, histopathology, and volume., Results: Global fcMRI of the LN was significantly reduced in patients with tumor compared with controls. Specifically, fcMRI was significantly reduced within seed regions of the affected hemisphere (left intrahemispheric fcMRI) and between the TPJ of the 2 hemispheres. In patients, the left TPJ node showed the greatest decrease of functional connectivity within the LN., Conclusions: The presence of a brain tumor in the left hemisphere significantly reduced the degree of fcMRI between language-related brain regions. The pattern of fcMRI was influenced by tumor position but was not restricted to the area immediately surrounding the tumor because the connectivity between remote and contralateral areas was also affected.

Background and Purpose: An alternative technique, which is less influenced by tumor- and patient-related factors, is required to overcome the limits of GLM analysis of fMRI data in patients. The aim of this study was to statistically assess differences in the identification of language regions and hemispheric lateralization of language function between controls and patients as estimated by both the GLM and a novel combined ICA-GLM procedure., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 42 patients with pathologically confirmed brain gliomas of the left frontal and/or temporoparietal lobes and a control group of 14 age-matched healthy volunteers who underwent BOLD fMRI to lateralize language functions in the cerebral hemispheres. Data were processed by using a classic GLM and ICA-GLM., Results: ICA-GLM demonstrated a higher sensitivity in detecting language activation, specifically in the left TPJ of patients. There were no significant differences between the GLM and ICA-GLM in controls; however, statistically significant differences were observed by using ICA-GLM for the LI in patients. For the computation of the LI, ICA-GLM was less influenced by the chosen statistical threshold compared with the GLM., Conclusions: We suggest the use of the ICA-GLM as a valid alternative to the classic GLM method for presurgical mapping in patients with brain tumors and to replicate the present results in a broader sample of patients.

Background and Purpose: Subtle linguistic dysfunction and reorganization of the language network were described in patients with epilepsy, suggesting the occurrence of plasticity changes. We used resting state FC-MRI to investigate the effects induced by chronic epilepsy on the connectivity of the language-related brain regions and correlated it with language performance., Materials and Methods: FC-MRI was evaluated in 22 right-handed patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (11 with LE and 11 with RE) and in 12 healthy volunteers. Neuropsychological assessment of verbal IQ was performed. Patients and controls underwent BOLD fMRI with a verb-generation task, and language function was lateralized by an LI. Intrinsic activity fluctuations for FC analysis were extracted from data collected during the task. Six seeding cortical regions for speech in both hemispheres were selected to obtain a measure of the connectivity pattern among the language networks., Results: Patients with LE presented atypical language lateralization and an overall reduced connectivity of the language network with respect to controls. In patients with both LE and RE, the mean FC was significantly reduced within the left (dominant) hemisphere and between the 2 hemispheres. In patients with LE, there was a positive correlation between verbal IQ scores and the left intrahemispheric FC., Conclusions: In patients with intractable epilepsy, FC-MRI revealed an overall reduction and reorganization of the connectivity pattern within the language network. FC was reduced in the left hemisphere regardless of the epileptogenic focus side and was positively correlated with linguistic performance only in patients with LE.

Background and Purpose: The hand motor cortex (HMC) has been classically described as having an omega or epsilon shape in axial-plane images obtained with CT and MR imaging. The aim of this study was to use MR imaging and Talairach normalization in a large sample population that was homogeneous for age and handedness to evaluate in a sex model a new classification with 5 morphologic variants of the HMC in the axial plane (omega, medially asymmetric epsilon, epsilon, laterally asymmetric epsilon, and null)., Materials and Methods: Structural brain MR images were obtained from 257 right-handed healthy subjects (143 men and 114 women; mean age, 23.1 +/- 1.1 years) via a Talairach space transformed 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo sequence. The frequencies of the different HMC variants were reported for hemisphere and sex., Results: The new variants of the HMC (medially asymmetric epsilon, laterally asymmetric epsilon, and null) were observed in 2.9%, 7.0%, and 1.8% of the hemispheres, respectively. Statistically significant sex differences were observed: The epsilon variant was twice as frequent in men, and an interhemispheric concordance for morphologic variants was observed only for women., Conclusion: The large study population permitted the description of a new morphologic classification that included 3 new variants of the HMC. This new morphologic classification should facilitate the identification of the precentral gyrus in subsequent studies and in everyday practice.