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Objective: The purposes of this article are to provide an up-to-date overview of neonatal soft-tissue tumors, including information regarding their unique nature, and to present practical imaging techniques and characteristic imaging findings., Conclusion: Neonatal soft-tissue tumors are a unique set of neoplasms that often have characteristic clinical and imaging findings. Imaging evaluation, mainly with ultrasound and MRI, plays an important role in the initial diagnosis, staging, preoperative assessment, and follow-up evaluation. Clear understanding of practical imaging techniques combined with up-to-date knowledge of characteristic imaging findings can help the radiologist provide a timely and accurate diagnosis of these neoplasms and can lead to optimal neonatal patient care.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the practical imaging workup and characteristic imaging appearances of intraabdominal lymphatic malformations (LMs) in the pediatric population with a brief discussion of some common differential diagnoses found in a vascular anomaly clinic., Conclusion: LMs are uncommon pediatric lesions. Because of their rarity among LMs overall, a tendency to present later in life than superficial LMs, and often incidental identification, intraabdominal LMs pose a particular diagnostic challenge, and pathologic entities that are more prevalent must be carefully excluded first. Although the diagnosis of most intraabdominal LMs can be reliably based on clear understanding of characteristic imaging findings, histologic correlation may be necessary in some cases.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the unusual clinical and radiographic features of venous malformations that can give rise to diagnostic confusion. Entities that can have overlapping clinical and imaging features with venous malformations are also reviewed., Conclusion: Venous malformations are congenital endothelial malformations secondary to errors in vascular morphogenesis and are usually diagnosed in the first 2 decades of life. The clinical and imaging features of venous malformations often overlap those of other pathologic entities, creating diagnostic confusion. Furthermore, the clinical presentation and imaging appearance of venous malformations can vary, making the diagnosis challenging. Thorough knowledge of the various clinical and imaging features not only of venous malformations but also of the major potential mimic lesions is crucial for clinicians caring for patients with these lesions.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review some of the common indications for pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound examination, with emphasis given to imaging technique, normal anatomy, and the spectrum of pathologic findings seen in the pediatric population., Conclusion: Ultrasound is an essential first-line tool in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging. It aids in determining which patients may benefit from further imaging, including radiography, CT, and MRI.

Objective: Palpable subcutaneous masses present in various shapes and sizes in the pediatric population and, accordingly, represent a variety of underlying causes. Lymphatic and venous malformations are among the most common pediatric subcutaneous lesions. However, there are congenital and acquired, as well as benign and malignant, soft-tissue masses that can mimic them clinically and at imaging., Conclusion: Here, we review the natural history, wide range of clinical presentations, and varied but characteristic imaging appearance of lymphatic malformations that can pose diagnostic difficulties in children. In addition, the clinical and imaging characteristics of some pediatric soft-tissue pathologies that can mimic lymphatic malformations and clues to reach a proper diagnosis are highlighted.

Objective: The objective of this article is to provide updates on acute pancreatitis in children regarding the imaging findings, causes, and complications based on a review of the current studies in the pediatrics literature. We discuss the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis, the role of imaging and imaging findings in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, and the causes and complications of acute pancreatitis., Conclusion: The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing in children. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis because imaging findings can be used to establish the cause of acute pancreatitis, evaluate for complications of acute pancreatitis, and possibly predict the course of the disease.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and clinical impact of transjugular biopsies of the liver performed in children., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 74 transjugular hepatic biopsies performed in 64 pediatric patients. The selection criteria for transjugular approach in these children included mainly coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, or ascites. The last 37 biopsies in our series were performed with combined sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance, which improved visualization of the biopsy tract., Results: Adequate samples for histopathologic analysis were obtained in all except one case (98.6%). In most patients with fulminant hepatic failure, biopsy results allowed patients to be promptly listed for orthotopic liver transplantation; in patients with less severe hepatic failure, biopsy results helped guide medical management. In patients with liver transplants, the biopsy provided information on acute graft rejection; in patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation, the biopsy helped to determine the status of graft-versus-host disease. One death occurred immediately after the procedure but at autopsy was deemed not to have been caused by the biopsy itself. Overall, procedural complications occurred in 8.1% of patients. Complications included neck hematomas, small subcapsular hematomas, subclavian artery puncture, and extravasation of contrast material into the retroperitoneum., Conclusion: Transjugular hepatic biopsy is a relatively safe procedure that has considerable impact on patient treatment. The addition of sonographic guidance during the biopsy improves visualization, increases operator confidence, and allows the performance of biopsies in smaller patients and in children with reduced liver transplants.