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By integrating an established rock damage model into the LS-DYNA computer code and using a widely used method for equivalently simulating multiple blastholes detonation, the damage processes of surrounding rock with different properties under the bench blasting of a large cross-section tunnel are comparatively studied. The damage distribution across the excavation cross-section is characterized by greater damage at the upper and lower ends, with lesser damage in the middle (junction between adjacent benches). For grade III surrounding rock excavated with two-bench blasting, the maximum damage depth of 3.6 m occurs in the middle floor. For grades IV and V surrounding rock excavated with three-bench blasting, the maximum damage depths both occur at the vault, with 3.6 m and 2.5 m, respectively. In bench blasting, the blasting of breaking holes closest to the excavation boundary significantly impacts surrounding rock, whereas the damage caused by smooth holes blasting is minor. The surrounding rock with poorer mechanical properties tends to exhibit greater damage under the same blasting operations. According to the proposed method, the critical Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) for cumulative damage in grades III, IV, and V surrounding rock of the Longnan tunnel is 16.8 cm/s, 13.7 cm/s, and 11.5 cm/s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating an established rock damage model into the LS-DYNA computer code and using a widely used method for equivalently simulating multiple blastholes detonation, the damage processes of surrounding rock with different properties under the bench blasting of a large cross-section tunnel are comparatively studied. The damage distribution across the excavation cross-section is characterized by greater damage at the upper and lower ends, with lesser damage in the middle (junction between adjacent benches). For grade III surrounding rock excavated with two-bench blasting, the maximum damage depth of 3.6 m occurs in the middle floor. For grades IV and V surrounding rock excavated with three-bench blasting, the maximum damage depths both occur at the vault, with 3.6 m and 2.5 m, respectively. In bench blasting, the blasting of breaking holes closest to the excavation boundary significantly impacts surrounding rock, whereas the damage caused by smooth holes blasting is minor. The surrounding rock with poorer mechanical properties tends to exhibit greater damage under the same blasting operations. According to the proposed method, the critical Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) for cumulative damage in grades III, IV, and V surrounding rock of the Longnan tunnel is 16.8 cm/s, 13.7 cm/s, and 11.5 cm/s, respectively.