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The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma continues to increase in the US and the Western world, with the 5-year survival rate for this cancer still being very dismal.The diagnosis of Barrett's metaplasia and dysplasia (i.e. screening and surveillance) currently requires endoscopy with biopsy of the abnormally appearing distal oesophagus. Surveillance endoscopy in patients with Barrett's oesophagus relies on the performance of random biopsies from the metaplastic segment, with the aim of identifying dysplasia and/or cancer. However, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia are not uniformly distributed within the columnar-lined mucosa in the distal oesophagus, and the sensitivity of standard endoscopy with biopsy for the detection of these lesions is low.New techniques to improve the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis, as well as to identify patients at high risk for neoplasia development, have recently been developed and most are currently being evaluated in clinical studies. The results with these techniques, although promising, are still preliminary. They hold promise for the improved detection of dysplasia and neoplasia at an early stage of development, with a greater chance for early treatment, and therefore a greater likelihood of either cure of adenocarcinoma or prevention of its development from dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barrett's oesophagus, a complication of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, is the premalignant lesion for oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Described in the 1950s by Norman Barrett, the diagnostic criterion for this lesion has evolved significantly over the last three decades. Endoscopic Barrett's oesophagus requires the recognition of columnar mucosa in the distal oesophagus; documentation of metaplastic tissue is confirmed by random biopsies. Given this changing definition of Barrett's metaplasia, the prevalence rates vary in the literature depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. However, it is generally accepted that approximately 10% of patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease will be diagnosed with this condition. There are no population-based studies on the prevalence of Barrett's oesophagus, but emerging data indicate that it may be equally prevalent in asymptomatic individuals. These studies require confirmation. Although the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing rapidly, it is unclear whether the true incidence of Barrett's oesophagus is increasing at the same time. On the other hand, metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction appears to be distinct from Barrett's oesophagus, is probably not related to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and is a common finding if routine biopsies are obtained at the gastro-oesophageal junction. This article reviews our current understanding of the diagnosis, definition and prevalence of both of these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite implementation of screening and surveillance strategies, a significantly large number of patients with Barrett's oesophagus remain undiagnosed. In those who are identified, the management options include acid reduction therapies with proton pump inhibitors or anti-reflux surgery. Endoscopic ablative therapies have also been attempted. In addition to having inherent procedure-related risks with ablative therapies, these alternatives may be limited by high rates of failure, need for continued acid suppressive therapy, metaplasia persistence under otherwise normal appearing tissue, need for procedural expertise, and continued risk for adenocarcinoma development. Therefore, a widely applicable chemoprevention strategy that cost-effectively reduces the rate of progression from oesophagitis to adenocarcinoma in high-risk patients and perhaps those at lower rates of risk is highly desirable. The AspECT trial currently underway is seeking to determine the effects of high- and low-dose proton pump inhibitor therapy with and without low-dose aspirin as Barrett's oesophagus chemoprevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]