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Aim To define the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in primary school children in the Polichni Municipality of the city of Thessaloniki Methods and results The parents of 2005 students living in the area of Polichni completed a questionnaire for the detection of pulmonary disease in childhood. Of 493 children who gave positive answers to the questions about allergies, asthma and rhinitis, 203 were excluded after an interview with the parents, because they suffered from either atopic dermatitis or drug allergy or had normal lgE levels.Of the remaining children, 290 were further examined: methacholine test was positive in 109, exercise test was positive in 67, nasal provocation test with histamine was positive in 244, and rhinodilation test with tramazoline was positive in 206. Skin prick tests were positive in 142 children (90 to grass-cereal pollen, 66 to acarea and 59 to Parietaria officinalis) Conclusions We found that 168 children suffered from rhinitis, 84 from both asthma and rhinitis concurrently and 38 from asthma alone. Only 37 % of the parents knew that their children suffered from asthma, while even fewer (32 %) knew that their children had rhinitis. The prevalence of asthma was 6.1 % and that of rhinitis was 12.6 % among children aged 9-12 years in the area of Polichni, Thessaloniki. Childhood rhinitis and asthma seem to be frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated