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The article presents information on the use of a type of matrix to analyze citations of scientific papers. Scientific papers have a series of citations belonging to the previous literature. It is possible to investigate the internal connections among papers in a group, whose papers are frequently cited by themselves, by examining their citations. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the measurements by which the internal connections of a group of scientific papers are measured. The techniques of using the type of matrix is further developed to carry out the analysis of a certain type of group of scientific papers.

Discussions relating to the identification of courses and the development of curricula for the information- science field cannot yield meaningful results unless the conceptual framework of the field is first delimited and its basic segments defined. Starting with the current ASIS definition of information science, an analysis is made of the rationale of current thinking relevant to the conceptual boundaries and intellectual content of the field. Information science is analyzed to be comprised of the segments of: (1) Conceptualization, (2) Storage/Transmission, and (3) Utilization. Two of the segments are shown to be based on subjective notions, which can be investigated, for the most part, through the employment of statistical and normative survey methodology. One of the segments is shown to be susceptible of the application of more rigorous research methodology capable of yielding empirical proof. Since all three segments form integral parts of the field, they need to be fully represented in the information science curriculum. The technologist as well as the humanist can make significant contributions to the growth and development of the information-science field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of conferences, meetings, etc., related to information science. The "Parameters of Information Science: Proceedings of the 1964 Annual Meeting of the American Documentation Institute," was held on October 5-8, 1964. The "Automation and Scientific Communication: Part 3: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the American Documentation Institute," was held on October 6-11, 1963. The "Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference, Research & Engineering Council of the Graphic Arts Industry," was held on May 18-20, 1964.

The publications explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly footnote. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, little is known about the norms operating in actual practice. Even less is known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions, including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of recognition upon the works of others. This paper reviews the state of our knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and the social system of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on conferences on documentation. The general theme of the 16th annual convention and labor conference of the German Society for Documentation was "Documentation and Its Users." The Institute of Economic Sciences of the German Academy in Berlin held in June 1964 a seminar on the subject of information and documentation in the field of social sciences. The discussions during UNESCO Meeting on Scientific Translation and Terminology included a proposal for the international coordination of terminological activities.

The article reports that for the first time in history there is now available the technology to produce and publish books on demand and at a reasonable price. With the introduction of the Xerox and its successful application as a practical book-printing machine, there is once again the old excitement of new frontiers and of a solution, at last, to old unsolvable problems--a solution built on all the earlier basic thinking about microfilm. Out-of-print books, often so very difficult to obtain, can now be made on demand. Original manuscripts can be published with the only investment being the cost of a microfilm negative.

This article presents information about the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago, which was organized in July 1950. The conference was based on the subject of bibliographic organization. The program consisted of the presentation of fourteen papers presented over a period of six days. The primary objective of the conference was not to present a survey of existing facilities but rather to bring together a wide variety of points of view concerning the problems of bibliographic organization, and thereby to try to bring about an understanding, if not a consensus of opinion regarding basic problems which must be solved before an effective organization of the world of recorded materials can be developed.

The article presents a list of research papers on subject and linguistic analysis in information science. In the paper "Study of Theories and Models of Information Storage and Retrieval: Report No. 7: Graphs and Algorithms for Term Relations," an algorithm is presented for grouping the terms of a document corpus into genera, and it is shown that the different genera of the graph G = (T, M), where T is the set of index terms and M the reflexive, symmetrical relation of matching, constitute a partition of T. In "All Evaluation of Links and Roles Used in Information Retrieval," links and roles are techniques for modifying a basic coordinate indexing method.

The article focuses on several papers providing information on the application of equipment to library operations. The paper "The Economics of Book Catalog Production: A Study Prepared for Stanford University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources," by R.M. Hayes and R.M. Shoffner was intended to assist Stanford University in the economic and procedural questions involved in deciding what form the catalog for a new undergraduate library should take. It is also expected to assist other libraries in making such a decision.

It is pointed out that if information science is to be considered a "true" science similar to physics or chemistry then it must have a set of concepts and analytical expressions which apply to the flow of information in a general way. Such expressions should be relatively independent of the particular context or application under consideration. Definitions of a rigorous nature for the fundamental quantities involved must be established. These must have general applicability and must be related to other known and measurable quantities. It is desirable also that they be capable of quantification. In several previous papers, the author and a colleague have described a model of a generalized information system which has wide, and perhaps universal applicability. This paper elaborates on this model and indicates the range of its applicability. Several fundamental quantities are defined specifically in a way which allows for quantification. It is pointed out in this paper that this model can be the basis for the development of a "true" science of information with all of the necessary requirements for a science. By the use of this model and the definition of a "true" science, the goals and requirements for a curriculum in information science are thus established. Various applications of information science must then exist in much the same way that many applications of physics exist. In the latter case, the applications usually give rise to various branches of engineering. In the case of information science, one of the applications is librarianship-although many others exist as well. Some of these are referred to in the paper. In particular, science information as a subset of information science is discussed. Within this context, information is defined as data of value in decision making. Quantitative measures of information can be obtained by relating information to specific observable actions which can be measured physically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disagreements about the relevance of documents to retrieval requests occur because relevance judges differently interpret requests or documents. Requests may be differently interpreted because they are unclear. Well-known types of request obscurity are reviewed. Less well known is that a request may be unclear because its form-"documents about subject S," "documents answering question Q," etc.-is unclear. Explications are developed of the meanings of the request forms just given and several others. A request of any of the forms discussed is interpreted to be for documents which support statements of a specified kind in a specified way. For example, an "about S' request requires documents supporting statements which contain expression S (though several qualifications are needed); a "question Q" request requires documents which support answers to Q. Examples are given which suggest that some, perhaps all, "about S" requests are unclear. Some ways of formulating clear question requests are given. Various ways in which documents may support statements are distinguished. These depend on such factors as parts of a document used, inference strength, and background knowledge permitted. Some possibly clear support specifications are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on several research papers which focus on characteristics of information resources. The paper "Documentation and Dissemination of Research and Development Results" deals with federal scientific and technical information programs, their efforts to achieve efficacy and timeliness, their present scope, prevailing practices, access to and utilization of foreign information, problems that face them, and proposals for dealing with them. Another paper is "Some Prerequisites to Cooperative Cataloging." There is an urgent need for a co-operative cataloguing centre to process current non-American materials. Two alternatives have been suggested: centralized cataloguing, in which libraries would forward acquisitions to the centre for cataloguing; and co-ordinated cataloguing, whereby the centre would act as a clearing-house receiving and distributing requests for cataloguing to be performed by the library first acquiring a given item.

The article presents information on several research papers on documentation. The paper "Manpower for Technical Information Work" presents the findings and conclusions of a pilot study of the functions and qualifications of technical information support personnel in the communications equipment industry. Another paper is "Swimming Against the Flood of Literature," by P.L. Broadhurst. The coverage of all the literature of a given science by one abstract journal and the formation of large computer-searched central stores of information are ideas that are unlikely to be implemented on a large scale in our lifetime.

The article presents a bibliography related to information science that appeared in the 1963 issue of the journal "American Documentation." It includes author and corporate source index, documentation, general reference works and sources of information. Some of the documentations include: "Concerning the Probability That a Given Paper Will Be Cited," by M.M. Kessler and F.E. Heart; "Action Plan for Improved Dissemination of Engineering Information," by Eugene Wall; "The Critical Problem of Biological Information," by B. Glass.

The article presents an account of some previously published papers on scientific and technical information dissemination. The paper "System of Scientific and Technical Information Services: Long Range Planning," by Vladas Asmonas, published in the May 1960 issue of the journal "Revue de la Documentation," asserts that if knowledge is to be rescued from its countless sources and put at the disposal of those who need it, efforts should be made to coordinate and share information. Besides, the paper "Research on Handling Scientific Information," by Helen L. Brownson, published in the December 30, 1960 issue of the journal "Science," presents an informative account of activities in the handling of information expressed in language and other non-quantitative forms, such as photographs and circuit diagrams, as distinguished from quantitative or numerical data.

The article presents information on coordinate indexing. There are many facets to information retrieval. One of these is the scope which any particular information system is expected to encompass. Several years ago, the Technical Department of the Titanium Division of the National Lead Co. realized the need for more efficient methods of retrieving internal information. The index schedules were organized into a classification system based on Colon principles. The completed classification was coded, using combinations of capital and small letters, and Arabic numerals, to obtain maximum flexibility.

The article presents information on "International Conference on Scientific Information. The Conference, co-sponsored by ADI, would be held in Washington D.C., on November 16-21, 1958. Included in the proposals submitted to date are outlines of papers concerning: new or unpublished research on systems, equipment, and theory; the design of experimental methods for determining scientists' needs for information retrieval services at all levels of sophistication; means for evaluating and comparing the adequacy of existing and proposed systems and services; and the distribution of responsibility for research in this field among governments, universities, industry and the professional societies.

The article reports on maintenance and reduction of documents. The aim of the article is to present the major problems of maintenance, problems which are inherent in any document collection, problems whose existence alone gives reason to this discussion. The article also enumerates some of the major problems of reduction, and finally, to suggest some possible solution for at least a part of the numerous problems that inevitably accompany work in this field. Maintenance of a collection is concerned primarily with the document in its original form, usually paper, with graphs, supplements, revisions, addenda, changes, and sometimes a multitude of after thoughts.

The article presents a list of reports on proposed library facilities. In the paper "Machine Processing in a Special Library," the range of application of EAM and EDP techniques to the technical operations and service mission of the special library is typified by several summaries. In "Establishment of a Coordinate Indexing Retrieval System for the Air Force Materials Laboratory," a coordinate indexing system for a library containing over 10,000 documents has been established. This report discusses in detail the indexing of documents using deep indexing with links and roles.

The article focuses on several case studies of mechanized systems of documentation. The paper "IBM 1401 Computer Produced and Maintained Weapon Data Subject Authority Document," by James H. Kennedy describes a rapid print-out method for updating a constantly changing authority file. Economical even if more than ten original copies are made. Checking headings, keypunching and editing tapes are performed by humans but card and printed catalog production is by machine. The paper "Computer Search of the U.S. Chemical Patent Literature," by Paul W. Howerton appeared in the 1963 issue of the journal " Automation and Scientific Communication."

Technical information centers have been established in recent years to cope with the "information explosion" problem which confronts the scientific community. These operations are highly analogous to a typical manufacturing firm with functions such as purchasing, production, service, finance, administration, and distribution. Management of a center encounters cost information requirements similar to those found in other enterprises for planning, control, and decision-making purposes. Yet, research indicates that few tangible cost-accounting applications have been attempted in information centers. The purpose of this paper is to describe a research project conducted at a technical information center to test the hypothesis that: A theoretically-sound managerial cost-accounting system con be designed to meet the specific characteristics of a technical information center by revising and innovating systems utilized by other enterprises. A computerized cost system was developed and operated for a three-month period to test this hypothesis. The results of the study indicate that effective managerial cost accounting is possible for o technical information center. Relevant cost information was generated periodically to measure the operating performance of the center's production process. A summary of the data that were reported regularly to management is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(I) Better understanding of subject document retrieval might result if different functions of subject document retrieval systems are studied separately. This paper is concerned with retrieval of documents, in response to a question, from which answers to that question can be inferred ("answer-providing documents"). "Answer can be inferred from document" has many possible meanings, one of which must be selected (an "inference specification"). Inasmuch as scientists in a field sometimes disagree about the correctness of inferences, have somewhat different background knowledge, etc., any inference specification can only approximate scientific inference practices. Two sources of systematic knowledge of document-statement inference practices in a scientific field are described. (II) If a content word occurs in a question, then it occurs in any answer to that question (with some apparently tractable exceptions). An indexing procedure based on that fact is described which would permit retrieval of all answer-providing documents for a question. However, because the indexing is "nonrelational," it could cause false retrievals as well. Various ways of dealing with such false retrievals are briefly indicated, and a study is sketched that would provide data for helping selection among them. Two special points concerning indexing for retrieval of answer-providing documents are discussed separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous applications of simulation to information storage and retrieval systems (ISRS) have been overly restrictive in their scope and have failed to consider the environment within which such systems operate. This paper considers the ISRS as a subsystem within a larger system which includes the users and the funders ot the retrieval system. The three components form a closed-loop information feedback system in which user response influences both the funding and operation of the ISRS as it attempts to satisfy user needs within a finite budget allocation. Reward-cost theory provides the bask for describing user behavior. An industrial dynamics model has been developed to simulate ISRS/user/funder behavior where a university departmental library is the ISRS component. The results which such an analysis can produce are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The much-vaunted information explosion seems to be the manifestation of a rather generalized publication inflation. Multipublication and pretentious writing have become obstacles to "communication between human minds." To counteract their harmful effects it will be necessary to reduce the quantity and improve the quality of the printed records by filtering the material before it is stored for retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A KWIC Cumulative Index to the first 53 years of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America has been produced and distributed to the members of the Society. There are only about 1,000 members of this group. This paper reports the reactions of this group of scientists to the novel index. Temporal variation of the preference is studied both as a simple Markov process and as a birth and death model. The findings are extrapolated to predict the stable level of preference. By the birth and death model, about 75% of the respondents would eventually prefer the KWIC index over the traditional subject index. Authors provided a large percentage of the respondents so they were treated separately. About 80% of the authors would eventually prefer the KWIC index, assuming no change in the environment. The simple Markov process gave slightly lower values. Because of the rapid change in information retrieval techniques, these results may not remain valid very long, nor for groups in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a large number of Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) Systems have been planned, implemented, and tested over the past few years, insufficient attention has been given to the collection and interpretation of important data needed for evaluation. We describe some of the defects common to almost all of the reported systems, single out one recent report for detailed discussion and argue in favor of collection and correct interpretation of data on one important and frequently overlooked evaluation factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social problems have multiple causes, and their solutions accordingly require a multidiscipline approach, which is facilitated by the fact that technology, the natural sciences, and the social sciences are closely interrelated (a point of view that is making itself increasingly felt in educational theory). The deterioration of the inner city is an example of a typical complex social problem that will yield only before such a unified attack. Solutions to social problems have been suggested by findings from such varied fields as astrophysics, sensory psychophysics, and population studies, as well as the more theoretical social sciences, whose influence can be seen in their application to problems of urban development. Although information specialists have hardly yet developed a full-fledged body of knowledge, they can contribute much towards the solving of social problems by: (1) organizing and disseminating information to those broad-gauged individuals and groups that are working on problems that defy solution by a fragmented approach; (2) controlling the rapidly mushrooming body of pertinent technical literature; (3) developing periodical indexes for the field of social welfare; and (4) assisting in the compilation of state-of-the-art papers on social problems, basing their work on a value-oriented extracting technique derived from a model created by the National Association of Social Workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were obtained from more than 300 atomic and molecular physicists in the U. S. concerning their use of existing information sources. A discussion of their information needs and preferences is presented. An attempt is made to define the attitude of this group toward a specialized information center in the light of their responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on literary work related to information science. The article "Aid-to-Indexing Forms: Progress Report No. 2.," is a report of the experience gained in using aid-to-indexing forms received from authors of over 2,000 papers which appeared in six physics research journals. Another article "Citations of Physics Literature," by Ben-Ami Lipetz and Charlotte F. Dziurkiewicz, was prepared as part of a program to evaluate the potential usefulness of the citation index as a reference aid for physicists. It is hoped that it will prove useful in helping American physicists to find relevant Russian work.

The scale of activity in Information Science and Retrieval, unique in the twentieth century, is plotted by surveying three areas of impingement between professional people and information systems. The first testimony cites the momentum in a major scientific society with respect to the reorganization and automation of publication and retrieval. The second projects the state of the art in the time-sharing of computer programs and files to the degree that the exchange of information is becoming a completely economic and critical tool for education, with man-machine interfaces provided for students and professors alike. The third deals with the rapid progress in the realization of man-interface conversation in nearly natural English format, made possible by sophisticated programs and hardware. The prognostication of the impact of these increasing capabilities on the deepest concerns and activities of mankind is sketched. The immediate availability throughout the world of all information files will engender continual review and evaluation in the scientific spirit that welcomes reexamination of any data without fear. In liberal education, there must be a responsibility to prepare minds for this regimen in the world of scholarship of the 1970's, but there must be a concomitant exhilaration of the young human spirit in the seeking of the total view and of a value system for the individuality in the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is presented as a challenge paper for a symposium on education for information science to be held by the American Documentation Institute in September, 1965. The paper suggests that both searching for information in a collection of stored messages and searching for information in the process of education have been subject to and shaped by one basic constraint-the very limited rates of flow of information into human sense channels, it is shown How information retrieval and education each have surmounted the same difficulty in the same way, by many-1 homomorphic transformations on messages which greatly reduce their word (or bit) content while preserving certain minimum invariants which identify the messages. From the homomorphic reductions, sensing time has been reduced further by means of the equivalence classes derived from the "vocabularies" in which the reduced messages are recoded. A quantitative partial model of information retrieval (to be presented in greater detail elsewhere) is suggested as homomorphic with education. Some possible applications to education in general and education for information science in particular ore discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on experiments with a statistical technique that can be used to compute word associations useful for document retrieval purposes in a collection where documents are described by index words occurring in the text or in abstracts of the documents. A number of alternative methods that have been proposed for computing word associations appear to present intractable computation problems that will deter large scale application. The limited experiments described in the paper indicate the potential utility of clumping techniques as a basis for large-scale associative document retrieval.

This article presents a bibliography of several publications related to the field of documentation. "Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework," by D.C. Engelbart is an initial summary report of a project which takes a new and systematic approach to improving the intellectual effectiveness of the individual human being. The publication "Agricultural Documentation: The Responsibilities of Libraries & Information Services" is a report of seven papers and a summary presented at a seminar arranged by the European Productivity Agency, during April 20-23, 1960. "Information Systems Workshop. The Designer's Responsibility and His Methodology" is a collection of 12 papers based on a conference sponsored by the American Documentation Institute and the University of California, at Los Angeles during May 29 to June 1, 1962.

This article discusses several papers on library science and documentation. The paper "Facsimile for Federal Libraries," by Scott Adams, published in the June 1953 issue of the journal "Special Libraries," discusses the facsimile equipment for use by the AEC, developed by RCA. The purpose of the paper "The Communication of Information (An Historical Review)," by Cherry E. Colin is to illustrate the early historical origins of theoretical work in the field Of communication, but with little use of mathematical notation, and to show the relationships between the diverse interpretations of the word "communication."

In this article the author remarks states that motion pictures are often treated as if they had been admitted into the record family by some accident. They do not fall properly into place in any conventional classification scheme. The accepted guidelines and ground-terms applicable to orthodox record materials and in records administration programs cannot be adapted to them without radical modification. There are some valuable papers concerning some technical aspects of motion picture storage and preservation, and a piece or two which deal with the characteristics of motion picture records from the standpoint of the researcher in history.

The article presents some pieces of news related to documentation. One piece of news informs that out-of-print material can be reprinted as a business proposition only if sufficient demand exists. Another piece of news informs that documentation industry firm Rcadex Microprint Corp. has established its plant in Chester, Vermont and maintains an office at 1 Madison Avenue, New York City. Work is continuing on the production of the British Sessional Papers and other titles which will shortly be announced.

The article presents the author's opinions on information scientists. Every year since 1963, students enrolled in the course, "Search Strategy," taught at Drexel Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Library Science, have prepared as term papers biographies of individuals who have contributed significantly to the field of information science. A part of the rationale has been for the assignment to serve as an object lesson in search strategy, since for many biographers the assignment demonstrates "tough" literature searching; another object has been to motivate students, as future members of the profession, to participate in documenting documentation.

The article focuses on problems related to information classification and presents information on a Classification Research Group that has been England. The importance of classification to documentation in general and to the new field of machine literature searching in particular is becoming increasingly apparent.

The article presents a list of research papers on some proposed facilities other information centers related to information science. "A Retrieval System for Searching Defense Documentation Center Magnetic Tape Files," states that a document retrieval system was developed with the cooperation of the Defense Documentation Center. This report describes the logic of the computer program developed, and provides instructions for use of the program. "USAF Mechanical Properties Data Center," cover the continued operation of the U.S.A.F. Mechanical Properties Data Center, including the expansion of data files, capabilities, and data output.

The article presents information on the possible availability of interdisciplinary abstracts on magnetic tape. During the past few years there has been increasing emphasis on the machine abstracting and indexing of raw natural language, the exchange of information in processed form between information centers, and the use of large computers in working information retrieval systems. The principal condition imposed upon borrowers of the tape would be that they come back perhaps a year later and tell people what they have done with it. If enough interesting papers show up one might want to hold a symposium at any rate, and researchers will want to issue a report showing the cost and practicality of this experiment.

Presents an abstract of the article "The New Science of Records Management," Robert A. Shiff and Arthur Barcan, published in the journal "Harvard Business Review." Comment on the lack of scientific controls for paper work; Description of the amount of paper snowballs into an unwieldy mass that strains every storage facility; Discussion of standards, costs and legal requirements for the controls.

Preliminary analysis of information science curricula and courses of 57 institutions of higher education, emphasizing discussion of their structure and areas of concentration is reported. The objective of the study is to identify, by computer indexing and factor analysis programs, the basic concepts present in existing programs and the trends in their structure. Final results of this study will be published as a sequel to this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights of the history of the American Documentation Institute (ADI) (1937-1967) are sketched, giving background on the concepts and aspirations of Watson Davis (1896-1967), founder of ADI and one of the first Americans to become interested in documentation as a separate field of endeavor. Davis organized ADI as a service organization, concentrating primarily on offering microfilming services. Since 1952 ADI has grown in importance as a professional organization, gradually developing to a state of financial self-sufficiency, intellectual influence, and benefaction to its members. These developments are traced for the most part in chronologial order, sometimes with the use of footnotes to bring up to date matters introduced in the text at the time of their earliest importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A definite need exists for an absolute and uniform means of comparison and evaluation of certain characteristics of various information retrieval systems. This paper is concerned only with the system's ability to satisfy queries; the effort and time used, and their relative costs, are not considered. Some past procedures that have been used are reviewed and discussed, along with some of the difficulties that arise when these procedures are followed. We present some desirable characteristics for a meaningful measure of effectiveness, then analyze in detail one such measure that may be used to compare the retrieval capabilities of a large variety of systems. This measure, called the "normalized sliding ratio," has a relation to the classical recall and precision ratios and may be looked on as a generalization of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey of practical training being conducted in the United States. All the universities known by the authors to have programs to train information scientists and all the industrial organizations known or thought to have programs for this type of training were surveyed. No qualitative assessments are made by the authors. Rather, quantitative results of the survey are presented on various program characteristics. Tables 1 & 2 summarize certain facts about the programs of the organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All of the phenomena of the field of documentation may be classified under the notions of the three forms of: material, ideational, and energy. It is suggested that the phenomenological method may be advantageously applied to documentation in conjunction with the methods of speculative philosophy. Examples are offered to illustrate how such methods may illuminate some of the more fundamental problem areas of the field, such as the problems of identification and "information" by yielding operational definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze different types of classification systems characterized by different types of subjects. The most important types of subjects in documentation are documents and terms, but other systems for other subjects are discussed. Systems of science are dealt with as an introduction to document systems. Every system ought to have a structure that will fit the subjects. The hierarchies for documents and terms are not the same. if we try to classify a category of subjects in a system made for another category of subjects (for example, classifying terms or technical products according to a document system) we will always meet with difficulties. We should not be bound for the future to now existing systems, but for each type of subject we have to create the best possible system or variant. Our aim should be to get a system of systems, where every individual system as far as possible-without distortion of its primary function-has common features with the other systems. Principles for designing a modern universal document system based on concepts and adapted to technology and a universal term system are advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on several research papers and reports which focus on libraries. Reports of Facilities in Operation Libraries elaborates in detail the development of a mechanized system for handling serials from an original pilot project of seven hundred titles to full operation with three thousand titles in a general library with three major branches. The report Modification of an Information Retrieval System by Improving Vocabulary Control, Indexing Consistency and Search Capabilities describes the need for and establishment of vocabulary controls for a coordinate indexing retrieval system involving multidisciplinary terminology.

Information activities received considerable attention during 1964, The main efforts were stimulated by a concern that R & D results are not adequately disseminated. This paper discusses some of these activities in the academic, governmental, and industrial areas; reviews documentation R & D as given in the National Science Foundation Document, NSF-64-17, Current Research and Development in Scientific Documentation No. 13 (which covers approximately Fiscal Year 1963); and lists some trends observed by the Committee on the Organization of Information (COI). Brief comments are also provided on some international activities that occurred in 1964. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]