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Using 5 diet quality indexes, we estimated the mortality and life expectancy lost, at the national level, attributable to poor dietary patterns, which had previously been largely unknown. We used the Canadian Community Health Survey 2004, linked to vital statistics (n  = 16,212 adults; representing n  = 22,898,880). After a median follow-up of 7.5 years, 1,722 deaths were recorded. Population attributable fractions were calculated to estimate the mortality burden of poor dietary patterns (Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index 2015, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Healthy Eating Index, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, and Mediterranean Style Dietary Pattern Score). Better diet quality was associated with a 32%–51% and 21%–43% reduction in all-cause mortality among adults aged 45–80 years and ≥20 years, respectively. Projected life expectancy at 45 years was longer for Canadians adhering to a healthy dietary pattern (average of 5.2–8.0 years (men) and 1.6–4.1 (women)). At the population level, 26.5%–38.9% (men) and 8.9%–22.9% (women) of deaths were attributable to poor dietary patterns. Survival benefit was greater for individuals with higher scores on all diet indexes, even with relatively small intake differences. The large attributable burden was likely from assessing overall dietary patterns instead of a limited range of foods and nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]