1. Association of Total Marine Fatty Acids, Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids, With Aortic Stiffness in Koreans, Whites, and Japanese Americans
- Author
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Katsuyuki Miura, Kamal Masaki, Lewis H. Kuller, Akira Fujiyoshi, Jina Choo, Matthew F. Muldoon, Nobutaka Hirooka, Chol Shin, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Rhobert W. Evans, Tomonori Okamura, Akira Sekikawa, Bradley J. Willcox, Emma Barinas-Mitchell, Kim Sutton-Tyrrell, and Jessica R. White
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Docosahexaenoic Acids ,Population ,Type 2 diabetes ,Pulse Wave Analysis ,White People ,Vascular Stiffness ,Japan ,Internal medicine ,Republic of Korea ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Risk factor ,education ,Pulse wave velocity ,education.field_of_study ,Asian ,business.industry ,Middle Aged ,Fish oil ,medicine.disease ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,United States ,Surgery ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Eicosapentaenoic Acid ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,Original Article ,Aortic stiffness ,business - Abstract
Aortic stiffness is being recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality independent of blood pressure (BP), age, and other CVD risk factors.1 Aortic stiffness can be measured noninvasively by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), which is considered the gold standard method. In fact, the European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology added cfPWV as a factor to assess future CVD risk in recently published guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.2 A recent meta-analysis reported that supplementation of marine n-3 fatty acids (FAs) improved aortic stiffness.3 The randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in the meta-analysis4–12 and 1 more recent RCT13 have several characteristics. First, subjects in these RCTs were individuals with type 2 diabetes,5,9 metabolic syndrome,10 hyperlipidemia,11,12 or individuals who were obese or overweight.4,6–8 Thus, the result may not be extrapolated to the general population. Second, although the differential effect of 2 major marine n-3 FAs: eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA; 22:6 n-3), on CVD risk factors is a current research topic,14 only 1 RCT11 reported the effect of each of DHA and EPA on aortic stiffness separately. Third, although cfPWV is regarded as the gold standard to evaluate aortic stiffness, these RCTs, except for one study,13 used other methods. Finally, most of these RCTs examined the effect of >1 gram of fish oil on aortic stiffness,4–7,9–11,15 as compared with
- Published
- 2013