1. Police officers who responded to 9/11: Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety 10-11 years later.
- Author
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Bowler RM, Kornblith ES, Li J, Adams SW, Gocheva VV, Schwarzer R, and Cone JE
- Subjects
- Adult, Comorbidity, Emergency Responders psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hispanic or Latino psychology, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Mental Health, New York City epidemiology, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Self Report, Survivors psychology, Unemployment psychology, Anxiety epidemiology, Depression epidemiology, Police psychology, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: After the 9/11/2001 World Trade Center (WTC) attack, many police-responders developed PTSD and might be vulnerable to develop depression and/or anxiety. Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and/or anxiety is examined., Method: Police enrollees (Nā=ā1,884) from the WTC Health Registry were categorized into four groups based on comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were used. Depression (PHQ-8) and anxiety (GAD-7) were assessed with standardized psychometric inventories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify putative risk factors associated with comorbidity of PTSD., Results: Of 243 (12.9% of total) police with probable PTSD, 21.8% had probable PTSD without comorbidity, 24.7% had depression, 5.8% had anxiety, and 47.7% had comorbid depression and anxiety. Risk factors for comorbid PTSD, depression, and anxiety include being Hispanic, decrease in income, experiencing physical injury on 9/11, experiencing stressful/traumatic events since 9/11, and being unemployed/retired., Conclusion: Nearly half of police with probable PTSD had comorbid depression and anxiety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:425-436, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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