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Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a powerful regulator of platelet formation. Enzymes generating S1P include sphingosine kinase 1. The present study thus explored the role of sphingosine kinase 1 in platelet formation and function. Activationdependent platelet integrin αIIbβ3 activation and secretion of platelets lacking functional sphingosine kinase 1 (sphkl-/- and of wild-type platelets (sphkl+/+) were determined utilizing flow cytometry and chronolume luciferin assay. Cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) and aggregation were measured using fura-2 fluorescence and aggregometry, respectively. In vitro platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were evaluated using a flow chamber with shear rates of 1,700 s-1. Activation-dependent increase of [Ca2+]i, degranulation (release of alpha and dense granules), integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and aggregation were all significantly increased in sphkl platelets compared with sphkl+/+platelets. Moreover, while platelet adhesion and thrombus formation under arterial shear rates were significantly augmented in Sphk1-deficient platelets, bleeding time and blood count were unaffected in sphkl-/- mice. In conclusion, sphingosine kinase 1 is a powerful negative regulator of platelet function counteracting degranulation, aggregation, and thrombus formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose depletion of erythrocytes triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which leads to cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Eryptotic erythrocytes adhere to endothelial cells by a mechanism involving phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface and CXCL16 as well as CD36 at the endothelial cell membrane. Nothing has hitherto been known about an interaction between eryptotic erythrocytes and platelets, the decisive cells in primary hemostasis and major players in thrombotic vascular occlusion. The present study thus explored whether and how glucose-depleted erythrocytes adhere to platelets. To this end, adhesion of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes to platelets under flow conditions was examined in a flow chamber model at arterial shear rates. Platelets were immobilized on collagen and further stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 µM) or thrombin (0.1 U/ml). As a result, a 48-h glucose depletion triggered phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface and augmented the adhesion of erythrocytes to immobilized platelets, an effect significantly increased upon platelet stimulation. Adherence of erythrocytes to platelets was blunted by coating of erythrocytic phosphatidylserine with annexin V or by neutralization of platelet phosphatidylserine receptors CXCL16 and CD36 with respective antibodies. In conclusion, glucose-depleted erythrocytes adhere to platelets. The adhesive properties of platelets are augmented by platelet activation. Erythrocyte adhesion to immobilized platelets requires phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface and CXCL16 as well as CD36 expression on platelets. Thus platelet-mediated erythrocyte adhesion may foster thromboocclusive complications in diseases with stimulated phosphatidylserine exposure of erythrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]