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Problem We aim to investigate a possible role of IL-7/ IL-7R signaling pathway in recurrent pregnancy losses ( RPL). Material and methods Using the abortion-prone ( AP) and non-abortion-prone ( NP) mice model, fetal resorption rates ( FRR), Th17 and Treg cells-related factors, and the effect of IL-7 and IL-7R antagonist were investigated by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. IL-7 and IL-7R expressions in human decidua were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results In the AP mice, IL-7R antagonist treatment significantly decreased FRR by downregulating Th17 and upregulating Treg-related factors. When the NP mice were treated with IL-7, FRR was significantly increased by upregulating Th17 and downregulating Treg-related factors. In decidual stromal cells of women with RPL, increased IL-7 and decreased IL-7R expressions were present when compared to normal controls. Conclusion IL-7/ IL-7R signaling pathway plays a possible role in RPL by upregulating Th17 immunity, meanwhile downregulating Treg immunity. Regulation of IL-7/ IL-7R may be a new therapeutic strategy for RPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]