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Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives (February 17-19, 2006, Washington, DC; and August 17 and 21, 2006, New Orleans, LA) and of the 2006 meetings of the Board of Directors (February, June, August, and December) are provided. These minutes are the official record of the actions of the American Psychological Association taken during the year by both the Board of Directors and the Council of Representatives.

Presents the 2011 reports from the Annual Meetings of the Regional Psychological Associations. The following Associations are featured: The Eastern Psychological Association, Midwestern Psychological Association, New England Psychological Association, Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Southeastern Psychological Association, Southwestern Psychological Association, Western Psychological Association, and the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology.

Beverly Greene, recipient of the Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest, has a long history of distinguished contributions in the public interest through her research, scholarship, teaching, practice, and consultation. Her work raises the visibility of many populations that have been overlooked and marginalized in the broader society as well as within psychology and offers new models for theoretical, empirical, and practical approaches. Her mentorship has reached innumerable people around the world, and her creative and influential contributions have moved the field in new directions. Provided here are a citation, biography, and selected bibliography of Greene's works. Also provided is her paper, entitled "The use and abuse of religious beliefs in dividing and conquering between socially marginalized groups: The same-sex marriage debate," a version of which she delivered at the American Psychological Association's annual convention.

Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives (February 22-24, 2008, Washington, DC; and August 13 and 17, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts) and of the 2008 meetings of the Board of Directors (February, June, August, and December) are provided. These minutes are the official record of the actions of the Association taken during the year by both the Board of Directors (the Board) and the Council of Representatives (Council). The main topical headings are: (1) Minutes of Meetings; (2) Elections, Awards, Membership, and Human Resources; (3) Ethics; (4) Board of Directors; (5) Divisions and State, Provincial, and Territorial Psychological Associations; (6) Organization of the APA; (7) Publications and Communications; (8) Convention Affairs; (9) Educational Affairs; (10) Professional Affairs; (11) Scientific Affairs; (12) Public Interest; (13) Ethnic Minority Affairs; (14) International Affairs; (15) Central Office; and (16) Financial Affairs.

Presents a short biography of the winner of the American Psychological Association's Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award. The 2012 winner is Cynthia J. Najdowski for an outstanding research paper that examines how jurors' judgments are influenced by a juvenile defendant's confession and status as intellectually disabled. Through the use of a mock trial experiment, the research revealed that jurors discounted a juvenile's coerced confession and sometimes used intellectual disability as a mitigating factor. Attribution theory and the discounting principle were used to identify the psychological mechanisms underlying this effect. The paper, titled "Understanding Jurors' Judgments in Cases Involving Juvenile Defendants," was published in Psychology, Public Policy, and Law in October 2011 and was the basis for Najdowski's selection as the recipient of the 2012 Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award. Bette L. Bottoms, PhD, served as faculty supervisor. Najdowski's Award citation and a selected bibliography are also presented.

Since World War II, American psychology's role in health care has significantly expanded. This was formally recognized in 2001 when the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) approved a bylaw change in its mission statement to include the word health. An accumulating body of research demonstrates and recent reviews conclude that psychological factors are primary in health and in illnesses. This article proposes a vision of psychology that endorses a bio-psycho-socio-cultural model of health research and interventions. The author provides 4 definitions of health, reviews selected psychology health research and interventions, summarizes APA's recent health-related activities, and presents 5 policy recommendations for consideration and debate.

Despite growing numbers of psychologists and of research reports presented at APA conventions and in core psychology journals, relatively few changes have occurred in the type of information presented. The stability of these media relates to quality control and the discouragement of rapid change in the discipline. (Author/GC)

Outlines how academic partnerships across educational levels can help psychology teachers address educational challenges, examining factors that facilitate the formation and maintenance of these partnerships and presenting the American Psychological Association's successful Psychology Partnerships Project: Academic Partnerships to Meet the Teaching and Learning Needs of the 21st Century. Also describes organizational features that have enhanced its success. (SM)

States the American Psychological Association Council of Representatives' resolution on homelessness. Authorizes executive officers to stimulate research about homelessness, recommend action to government officials, advocate public funding, disseminate accurate information, and encourage and endorse appropriate legislation. (JB)

D. F. Halpern and her colleagues criticize overly narrow scholarship and examine the economics of scholarship and the criteria for evaluation. Psychology needs a historically grounded, open-minded, and theoretically sophisticated view of scholarship that emphasizes the responsibilities of educational institutions in meeting the needs of society. (SLD)

Reflects on "Scholarship in Psychology" from the perspective of liberal arts college professors. Applauds features of the report's multidimensional understanding of scholarship, suggests clarifications and criticisms, and outlines ways to define faculty priorities and rewards. (SLD)

Discusses the history of psychology's development and growth in medical centers, its current status, and some goals for the future of psychology in medical schools and academic health care centers. Explores issues related to the education and training of psychologists. (SLD)

Without substantial revisions to curricula, training, research, and practice, psychology risks professional, ethical, and economic problems because it will no longer be a feasible resource for the majority of the U.S. population. Changing demographics and the need to address issues of ethnicity, culture, gender, and sexual orientation are discussed. (SLD)

Traces the history of undergraduate psychology curricula in the United States, highlighting relevant conferences and reports. Special attention is paid to the St. Mary's Conference (Maryland) in 1991 and dramatic changes in the teaching of psychology in secondary schools. (SLD)

Analyzes the present state of higher education and psychology in relation to the future needs of society. It is proposed that the U.S. educational system and society should negotiate a new "contract" that is appropriate for the coming decades. A model of future higher education is described, and examples are given of courses involving socially responsive knowledge. (GR)

Reveals that federal funding has deflected university psychological departments from the traditional social purpose of education and research toward a narrow value for grant-supported laboratory basic research. It argues that these departments should embrace quality applied scholarship to a greater extent, broaden the audience for their research and educational activities, and partner with colleagues from other disciplines and the community. (GR)

The article announces that American Psychologist invites submissions for a special issue on psychology's role in social transformation, including research, advocacy, and practice that foregrounds psychologists' roles as agents of positive social change.

The article presents an invitation by the journal "American Psychologist" for authors to submit articles on whether Asian Americans are a model or marginalized minority.

Describes the work of a task force of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology, which developed a multipart definition of scholarship that conceptualizes scholarship more broadly than the traditional classification of research, teaching, and service. Scholarship is viewed as being inherent in the quality of a faculty member's activity. (SLD)

Provides the 2007 reports of APA's Regional Associations. Included are the annual meeting reports from the Eastern Psychological Association, Midwestern Psychological Association, New England Psychological Association, Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Southeastern Psychological Association, Southwestern Psychological Association, and Western Psychological Association.

This paper presents comments on Kassin's review, (see record 2005-03019-002) of the psychology of false confessions. The authors note that Kassin's review makes a compelling argument for the need for legal reform in police interrogation practices. Because his work strikes at the heart of the American criminal justice system--its fairness--the value of Kassin's empirical points cannot be understated. Here, the authors offer a complementary model of the psychology of false confession, one that articulates many of Kassin's insights through the language of evolutionary psychology. They argue that false confessions are the result of specific social dynamic events that trigger evolved heuristics of information management that were designed to maximize our ancestors' genetic replicative success.

Depicts the obstacles and opportunities that face students and consumers who are deaf and who interface with the profession of psychology. The rapid evolution of scholarship, specialized education and service programs, and related professional endeavors, including the emerging professional standards and ethics, is described. The American Psychological Association's potential effects on this emerging discipline are considered. (GR)

Discusses how psychological methods can be applied to study cultural syndromes and presents examples of these approaches. It is argued that tight-simple cultures are most collectivist, and loose-complex cultures are most individualistic. Further, it suggests homogeneous cultures can have clear norms and impose them tightly, whereas heterogeneous cultures require looseness to avoid friction. (GR)

Presents two interrelated stories: one concerning the author's struggles to become an effective teacher of psychology, and the second about the University of New Hampshire's graduate program in psychology and its emphasis on research and teaching. The program's two-semester Seminar and Practicum in the Teaching of Psychology is detailed, and data on the program's success are discussed. (GR)

Uses the construct of generalized expectancies for locus of control as a model of the importance of broad theory and training in theory construction and evaluation in psychology. Discusses the characteristics that contribute to the construct's heuristic value and also discusses problems with the criteria for the publication of psychological studies and the advancement and promotion of psychologists. (FMW)

Reviews speeches by former APA presidents to follow the historical development of psychology to its present status as an accepted science and profession. Discusses the nature of psychology as a discipline, science, and profession. Considers problems in the field and possible societal benefits from field research. (JS)

This paper replies to comments on the article "Psychology and Phenomenology: A Clarification." Four of the five comments on my article were critical of my treatment of psychology and phenomenology. I will try to identify the sources of these disputes, but not with the intention of demonstrating the superiority of one discipline over the other. In an attempt to compare and contrast psychology and phenomenology, I analyze three concepts: objectivity, values, and falsifiability. Reber's comments were agreeable to read because of the common methodological orientation we share. Reber's optimism about humanity sharing common moral commitments appears to be contradicted by history and current events. Cloonan's plea for a "methodological pluralism" (p. 255) in psychology sounds appealing but is basically destructive for psychology and society. You can't play chess and checkers on the same board at the same time!

We argue that psychological and contextual factors play important roles in bringing about, facilitating, and escalating violent conflict. Yet rather than conclude that violent conflict is inevitable, we believe psychology's contributions can extend beyond understanding the origins and nature of violent conflict, to promote nonviolence and peace. In this article, we summarize psychological perspectives on the conditions and motivations underlying violent conflict. Drawing on this work, we then discuss psychological and contextual factors that can mitigate violence and war and promote nonviolence and peace.

Teaching should be honored as teaching and not as scholarship. Instead of redefining scholarship to include teaching, the task force has redefined teaching as scholarship in the generally accepted, "publish-or-perish" sense. (Author/SLD)

The Task Force on Defining Scholarship in Psychology has called for an increased emphasis on the scholarship involved in teaching for faculty evaluation processes. Each college and university should also examine its own institutional goals and interests and translate these into their own faculty-evaluation processes. (SLD)

In accordance with the bylaws of the American Psychological Association (APA), the Ethics Committee reports regularly to the membership regarding the number and types of ethics matters investigated and the major programs undertaken. In 2010, ethics adjudication, ethics education and consultation, and special projects were activities of the Ethics Committee. Throughout 2010, the Ethics Committee and the Ethics Office continued to develop and expand their educative and consultative activities. The Ethics Committee and the Ethics Office provided ethics consultation to APA members, the public, psychological associations, and licensing boards. The Ethics Committee reviewed and responded to requests for written ethics consultation on complex ethical matters. Some of the many issues addressed in 2010 included psychologists' consulting to reality TV programs, executive coaching, release of test data, billing and the use of collection agencies, forensic and custody matters, appropriate termination of psychotherapy, exceptions to confidentiality and mandatory reporting, accepting gifts from clients, issues related to psychologists working in military settings, providing psychological services over the Internet, and psychologists' use of social networking sites. This paper outlines the report of the Ethics Committee. (Contains 6 tables and 4 footnotes.)

Nancy E. Adler, winner of the Award for Distinguished Scientific Applications of Psychology, is cited for her research on reproductive health examining adolescent decision making with regard to contraception, conscious and preconscious motivations for pregnancy, and perception of risk for sexually transmitted diseases, and for her groundbreaking insights into the importance of psychological processes in explaining why socioeconomic status is associated with physical health. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of her works are provided. Also included here is Adler's paper, entitled "Health disparities through a psychological lens," a version of which Adler presented at the American Psychological Association's annual convention. (Contains 1 figure.)

Michael G. Wessells, recipient of the International Humanitarian Award, is cited for his pioneering and sustained contributions to the protection of children affected by armed conflict and to the development of international guidelines for the provision of community-based, culturally responsive psychosocial support in emergencies. Wessells has served as an eminent professor, researcher, and author, developing and promoting the most advanced strategies for providing psychological support for children and families. He has contributed extensively to peace and reconciliation efforts and has provided direct humanitarian services in conflict areas in Asia, Africa, Central America, Europe, and South America, where his efforts on behalf of children often placed him in personal jeopardy. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Wessells' works are provided. Also included is Wessells' paper, entitled "Do no harm: Toward contextually appropriate psychosocial support in international emergencies," a version of which was presented at the American Psychological Association's annual convention.

Keith Humphreys, recipient of the Award for Distinguished Early Career Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest, is cited for creatively combining a scientist's commitment to rigor, a clinician's emphasis on high-quality mental health care, and a policy analyst's understanding of how to address and resolve social problems. His work as a program evaluator and policy analyst has informed important legislation that has enhanced access to and quality of mental health services for U.S. veterans within the Department of Veterans Affairs. Moreover, he has been a prime mover in shaping the Iraqi Ministry of Health's effort to create a modern and equitable system of mental health care for the Iraqi community. A biography and selected bibliography of Humphreys' works are provided. In addition, Humphreys' paper, entitled "Responding to the psychological impact of war on the Iraqi people and U.S. veterans: Mixing icing, praying for cake," a version of which Hymphreys delivered at the American Psychological Association's annual convention, is presented. (Contains 3 footnotes.)

Judith V. Torney-Purta, recipient of the Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology, is cited for leadership of rigorous research on the development of democratic attitudes and civic knowledge among adolescents from more than 30 countries that has served as a catalyst for education and youth policy reform. Torney-Purta led research projects that are prime examples of international collaboration. She drew on these experiences in contributing to an initiative on international collaboration among behavioral and social scientists sponsored by the U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Psychological Science. Along with the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Torney-Purta's works are presented. Also included is her paper, entitled "International psychological research that matters for policy and practice," a version of which she presented at the American Psychological Association's annual convention. (Contains 4 figures, 2 tables and 1 footnote.)

The Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training acknowledges psychologists who contribute to new teaching methods or solutions to learning problems through the use of research findings or evidence-based practices. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of psychological knowledge to improve learning in educational settings, including prekindergarten to Grade 12, or in communities. The 2009 recipient of this award is Richard Lehrer. A citation, biography, and selected bibliography of Lehrer's works are provided. Also included is Lehrer's paper, entitled "Designing to develop disciplinary dispositions: Modeling natural systems," a version of which Lehrer delivered to the American Psychological Association's annual convention. (Contains 3 figures.)

Charlotte J. Patterson, winner of the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy, is cited as the world's expert on psychological research on children and youths raised by lesbian and gay parents. Her early analytic syntheses of the literature on the subject greatly influenced other researchers in child and family development as well as policymakers. By encouraging researchers working in human development fields to focus on developmental aspects of sexual orientation, she has changed the entire field. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Patterson's works are provided. Also included is her paper, entitled "Children of lesbian and gay parents: Psychology, law, and policy," a version of which Patterson delivered at the American Psychological Association's annual convention.

Alice H. Eagly, winner of the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions, is cited for her work in the field of social psychology, the psychology of gender, and the use of meta-analytic techniques. She envisions a psychology that extends from individual cognitions to societal structures. In addition to the citation, a biography and selected bibliography of Eagly's works are presented. Also included is Eagly's paper, entitled "The his and hers of prosocial behavior: An examination of the social psychology of gender," a version of which she delivered at the American Psychological Association's annual convention.

Feminist and critical race theories offer the concept of intersectionality to describe analytic approaches that simultaneously consider the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity, difference, and disadvantage. To understand how these categories depend on one another for meaning and are jointly associated with outcomes, reconceptualization of the meaning and significance of the categories is necessary. To accomplish this, the author presents 3 questions for psychologists to ask: Who is included within this category? What role does inequality play? Where are there similarities? The 1st question involves attending to diversity within social categories. The 2nd conceptualizes social categories as connoting hierarchies of privilege and power that structure social and material life. The 3rd looks for commonalities across categories commonly viewed as deeply different. The author concludes with a discussion of the implications and value of these 3 questions for each stage of the research process. (Contains 1 table.)

R. Buckminster Fuller is recognized for his conceptualization that no matter where one is born, everyone is a "citizen of the world." As psychologists, we are all citizens of the world, and this author has found a particular fascination and compelling draw in what psychology can do to be of help on the world stage. This article shall offer some ideas and methods for those who may wish to embark on a similar path.

The rapid growth of the Internet provides a wealth of new research opportunities for psychologists. Internet data collection methods, with a focus on self-report questionnaires from self-selected samples, are evaluated and compared with traditional paper-and-pencil methods. Six preconceptions about Internet samples and data quality are evaluated by comparing a new large Internet sample (N = 361,703) with a set of 510 published traditional samples. Internet samples are shown to be relatively diverse with respect to gender, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and age. Moreover, Internet findings generalize across presentation formats, are not adversely affected by nonserious or repeat responders, and are consistent with findings from traditional methods. It is concluded that Internet methods can contribute to many areas of psychology.

The pharmaceutical industry has contributed to many life-saving innovations in medicine and has become one of the most successful industries in the world. As a result, pharmaceutical industry financial and marketing influences extend to federal regulatory agencies, professional organizations, medical journals, continuing medical education, scientific researchers, media experts, and consumer advocacy organizations. These extensive influences have created conflicts of interest that have undermined the credibility of medical research and education. As professional psychology pursues and achieves prescription privileges, it will likely be faced with increasing influences from the industry. To preserve the integrity of psychological science, the authors propose an aspirational "firewall" designed to separate industry marketing from the science of psychology.

Addresses issues surrounding a 1998 study on the effects of childhood sexual abuse from the perspective of the editors who accepted the manuscript, discussing the appropriateness of their editorial decision, inferred motivations of the authors, the editor's role in specific study recommendations and in minimizing mischaracterization of study results, and the American Psychological Association's role. (SM)

Discusses controversy surrounding a 1998 article on the effects of child sexual abuse, which resulted in official condemnation by Congress and actions by the American Psychological Association to assuage Congressional critics. Written from the perspective of a psychologist serving in Congress, this article discusses political and organizational dynamics that developed during this controversy. (SM)

Discusses applications of theories and research in psychology to understand controversies generated by two recent articles, explaining the need to distinguish between rational and intuitive thinking, recognize the power of context, think reflectively, and realize the costs of defying the crowd, and noting steps one can take to be wiser and more balanced in one's own thinking. (SM)

Describes the controversy that arose over an editor's decision to overrule an ad hoc action editor's acceptance of a journal article and request for additional changes to the manuscript. This controversy played out in various Internet discussion groups. Presents the editor's perspective, highlighting the need to protect the integrity and confidentiality of the peer review process for scientific journals. (SM)

Presents five rules of scientific review and publishing: judge scientific articles only by their logic and strength of their evidence; accept results of a competent peer review; resist efforts to judge articles on the basis of political concerns; abide by the same rules of logic and evidence applied to all scientific work despite disagreement with peer-reviewed articles; avoid altering explicit rules and normative expectations of peer review review. (SM)

Examining religious roots of individualism and collectivism and seeing them as defining alternative conceptions of the person-other relationship reveals close links between Christianity and the former and rabbinic Judaism and the latter. Dominant Christian views have framed debates on individualism-collectivism, defining options available for person-other relationships. The rabbinic tradition's dialogic and formative view provides an alternative perspective. (SM)

Provides a guide to the basic concepts of adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels involved in the current dispute over evolutionary explanations. Clarifies the role that each of these concepts plays in an evolutionary approach to human psychology. Contains over 100 references. (MMU)