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The article reports some trends in the relative emphasis devoted to different specialties within the field of sociology in the U.S. since World War II. According to the author, sociology has grown since World War II in the number of courses taught, the number of people who make their living as sociologist and the amount of research done. The field has expanded so rapidly that virtually all special areas of interest within the field have shared in the general growth. As proportions of the total, however, some areas of specialization have gained at the expense of others. In the article sources of information used to asses trends in sociology include fields of interest listed by members for American Sociological Association directory, papers read at annual meetings of the Association, papers published in the journal "American Sociological Review" and course listings in college catalogs. The author states that in analyzing and interpreting the data, he had to make certain assumptions, which may be debatable. The author makes no ambitious claims for the absolute validity of interpretations.

President of the American Sociological Society Louis Wirth is planning for a Section on Contributed Papers for the next annual meeting that is to be held in New York from December 28 to 30, December, 1947. Although this Section is particularly de- signed for those younger members of the Society, including graduate students, who have not yet had an opportunity to appear on the pro- gram in other sections, contributions from other members of the Society will be welcome. Since this Committee is working closely with the Committee on Research, it is being urged that members who have completed research papers suitable for oral presentation and which do not fall within the scope of other Sections be offered for consideration in the Section on Contributed Papers.

The Committee on Contributed Papers, consisting of board members Harrington C. Brearley, Otis Dudley Duncan, and Edmund H. Volkart, in collaboration with the Program Committee, is planning to make wide use of contributed papers at the next annual meeting of the society to be held in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In addition to the allocation of contributed papers to appropriate sessions, and to scheduling the papers on current research, the committee is considering the feasibility of distributing, at the time of registration, mimeographed abstracts of highly specialized research. Interested persons and groups can then hold informal discussions with the authors of papers at various scheduled times throughout the three-day period. Adequate facilities are available for such specialized discussions. The committee will review all papers sent to the chairman prior to April 1, 1952, and will select those best suited to the general sessions or to the specialized ones. Precedence will be given to reports of recent empirical research, and contributions of this nature prepared by student members and recent doctorates are welcome. Members who wish to submit papers are urged to complete them as soon as possible and to communicate with Edmund H. Volkart, Center for Field Studies, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts.

Eggs and sperm are parallel bodily goods in that each contributes half of the reproductive material needed to create life. Yet these cells are produced by differently sexed bodies, allowing for a comparative analysis of how the social process of bodily commodification varies based on sex and gender. Drawing on interview and observational data from two egg agencies and two sperm banks in the United States, this article compares how staff recruit, screen, market, and compensate women and men donors. Results show how gendered norms inspire more altruistic rhetoric in egg donation than in sperm donation, producing different regimes of bodily commodification for women and men. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for debates in sociology of gender about biological differences among women and men and the cultural norms attributed to these differences; debates in economic sociology about how social factors shape the expansion of the market; and debates in medical sociology about the intersection of the market and medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several official reports and proceedings of various societies of the U.S., published in the December 1940 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." The report of the "American Sociological Society," provides a very good answer to the question of what is possible in the way of making a living by taking sociology. The census of membership has revealed that sociologists who are members of the Society are employed in nearly 250 different types of occupations. Alfred McClung Lee, chairman of "Committee on Public Relations," is anxious that all papers to be given at the annual meetings should be in his hands. The Committee needs these papers early in order to aid newsmen in the proper selection and presentation of material and thus lessen the danger that the society and persons on the program may be presented to the public in a bad light because of hasty, ill-considered or out-of-context reporting. The press is only too happy to cooperate in this matter, but it cannot be done to the best advantage unless the Committee can get copies of the papers early. Every paper read at annual meetings becomes the property of the society, chairmen of divisions and sections should so inform the participants on their programs and collect and turn over to the secretary or editor all papers presented.

This paper introduces new models for comparing several social mobility tables that provide various one-degree-of-freedom tests for two mobility tables on substantively meaningful structural components. These components include differences between mobility tables in (1) the strength of off-diagonal associations, (2) the strength of diagonal effects, and (3) the extent of structural mobility. Most of the models in this paper use association models and the Sobel-Hout-Duncan model but are specifically formulated to analyze three-way tables that have either nations or periods as the third dimension. American, British, and Japanese mobility tables are compared. Together, they show that equality of occupational opportunity is larger for the United States than for Great Britain, that Japan's mobility structure is closer to quasi-independence than that of the two other nations, and that Japan's mobility structure became more like that of the United States in 1975 rather than in 1955. These analyses also demonstrate that comparative mobility research based on indexing mobility has strong limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of mass media violence on aggression has almost always been studied in the laboratory; this paper examines the effect of mass media violence in the real world. The paper presents the first systematic evidence indicating that a type of mass media violence triggers a brief sharp increase in U.S. homicides. Immediately after heavyweight championship prize fights, 1973-1978, U.S. homicides increased by 12.46 percent. The increase is greatest after heavily publicized prize fights. The findings persist after one corrects for secular trends, seasonal, and other extraneous variables. Four alternative explanations for the findings are tested. The evidence suggests that heavyweight prize fights stimulate fatal, aggressive behavior in some Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1970s the U.S. has witnessed the emergence of a wide range of organizations that explicitly reject the norms of rational-bureaucracy and identify themselves as "alternative institutions" or "collectives." Grounded in an extensive study of the practices of worker collectives, this paper seeks to identify some of the structural commonalities which link these new work organizations and to develop a theoretical framework for understanding them. First, the ideal-type features of collectivist democracy are delineated and contrasted with the characteristic features of bureaucracy. The ideal-type approach allows us to assess these organizations not as failures to achieve bureaucratic standards they do not share, but as efforts to realize wholly different values. Second, constraints and social costs that inhibit the realization of organizational democracy are discussed. It is in the conceptualization of alternative forms of organization that organizational theory has been weakest, and it is here that the experimentation of collectives may broaden our understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By vote of the executive committee of the American Sociological Society, the 1951 Annual Meeting will be held in Chicago on September 5, 6, and 7, 1951. This will overlap, on September 5, with the meeting in the same city of the American Psychological Association. The hotel which will serve as headquarters for the annual meeting has not yet been selected. Those who are interested in presenting papers at the 1951 meeting of the American Sociological Society are invited to make known their interest by following the procedure outlined below. The Committee on Contributed Papers will handle submitted papers in one of two ways. If a paper appears to fall in an area covered by one of the sections of the meeting, it will be forwarded to the chairman of that section for his consideration otherwise it will be considered for inclusion in one of the three sessions of this committee. In general, the Committee on Contributed Papers is interested in research reports which can be read in fifteen minutes.

The article presents authors' reply to David F. Sly and Robert H. Weller. The authors have categorized their comments on two areas: theoretical considerations; and methodological and technical considerations. The authors says that the model discusses in their paper, derives from a long-standing sociological tradition, the data used, are standard, the use of indicators is conventional, and the interpretation flows rather naturally from the preceding elements. Sly and Weller indicate a remarkable unawareness of the massive pertinent literature of this tradition of analysis. They base their case on reified separation of behavioral and cultural aspects of social behavior from institutional and structural aspects. Within the context of action theory, the notion of the social system is a powerful ordering construct in sociology. When analyzing social systems, it is necessary to assume an intellectual construct of social system. This construct, when applied to particular real life systems, must assume that the operation of the system being analyzed is affected only by specifiable conditions previously established in the environment and by relations among the system's elements obtaining at the time of the analysis. In their paper, the authors specified the conterminous United States as a social system and the "Confederate" South as a sub-system for purposes of comparison and analysis.

Population study and sociology have shown a tendency toward convergence. From separate origins the fields have moved towards an increasing interdependence. All too seldom, however, has the relevance of sociological theory for demographic analysis been verified. Probably one of the more crucial questions in this connection is the relation between population characteristics and processes on the one hand and social values on the other. It is the task of this paper to indicate such a relationship and to reach this goal through an explanation of some observed demographic differentials by means of a particular sociological theory. This paper attempts to show by empirical and theoretical demonstration that the hypothesis is tenable for at least one city. Racial differentials constitute an important focus of this paper, but explaining an entire pattern of race relations represents a broader and more complex approach than that employed here. The data for the study are taken from an extensive demographic investigation of the Negroes of New Orleans.

This paper reports part of a study of social participation conducted in San Francisco in the spring of 1953. The investigation rested upon two main notions: First, that the major an individual occupies regulate the amount and nature of his participation in society. Second, that the social type of neighborhood in which an urbanite lives is an efficient indicator of his social participation and may be a significant factor in its own right in shaping his social participation. This paper is limited to an examination of the relationship between amount of formal association participation and certain of the individual status and neighborhood differences. Using the census tract scores, four census tracts were selected in San Francisco in which the study of social participation was conducted. Findings revealed that, men living in the high economic status neighborhoods belong to the greater number of associations, attend more frequently, and hold office more than men living in low economic status neighborhoods. Comparing the two high economic status neighborhoods, the low family status neighborhood contains relatively more men who belong to no formal associations, who never attend meetings if they do belong, and who do not. hold office than does the high family status neighborhood.

The article presents information about the journal "American Sociological Review." The Editorial Board, at its meeting in Philadelphia, December 27, 1939, decided that any member of the Society who is engaged in scholarly work may quote any material published in the Review, up to 500 words, without asking permission of the editor, provided that the user is not trying to make personal profit out of the author's or publisher's property, or to pass off as his own, work which is really that of another. Since all material in the Review is copyrighted, it is the property of the Society and its agent. The Editorial Board has the legal right to grant or withhold such permission. All members should encourage students to take advantage of the student subscription rate of $2.50. Letters from persons who are not actually members of the Society will not be printed. A number of matters were discussed at the Editorial Board meeting held in Philadelphia. For the benefit of the newer members of the Society, and as a reminder to others, it is perhaps advisable to make a statement regarding publication procedure and policy.

The article presents information on the preliminary program of the thirty-third annual meeting of the American Sociological Society to be held at Hotel Book Cadillac, Detroit, Michigan, from December 28-30, 1938. Papers to be presented on 28th include: "European Expansion and the Historical Process," by Robert E. Park, University of Chicago; and "The Negro in the State of Bahia, Brazil," by Donald Pierson, Fisk University. Papers to be presented on 29th include: "Social Participation and Social Intelligence," by F. Stuart Chapin, University of Minnesota; "Motivation of Human Actions in the Light of Time-Budget Data," by Pitirim A. Sorokin, Harvard University; and "Some Phases of Personality Development in Communities of White-Indian-Negro Mixture," by Guy B. Johnson, University of North Carolina. Papers to be presented on 30th include: "Objective Social Conditions, Social Status, and Corporate Organization," by Edward A. Shils, University of Chicago, and Herbert Goldhamer, Stanford University: and "The Professions and Social Structure," by Talcott Parsons, Harvard University.

This article presents information on the next annual meeting of the American Sociological Society. The next Annual Meeting will convene at Atlantic City, New Jersey during December 28-31, in co-operation with the other Social Sciences. Responsibility for naming participants rests with the chairmen of the Divisions and Sections in co-operation with the President. The Committee on Social Research sends to each chairman a list of research in progress as gathered in the annual census. While this is the chief source of program material, yet suggestions and advice on subjects or speakers will be welcomed, in the interest of a strong program. The executive committee has authorized the appointment of a Membership Committee, whose important function it is to strengthen the society by enlarging membership and the chairman has been chosen. Attention is called to the rule against two papers being read by any one member. Chairmen should make this clear in issuing invitations and members are supposed to decline to appear twice, though this should not necessarily apply to invitations to participate in the discussions which follow the reading of formal papers.

This article presents information on the activities of various sociological organizations and departments of sociology in universities in the U.S. "Rural Sociology," a new journal to be published quarterly, is being established this year by the Section on Rural Sociology of the American Sociological Society. The managing editor of this journal, which is to be published by The Louisiana State University Press, is T. Lynn Smith of Louisiana State University. The annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference will be held on April 18 and 19 in New Haven, Connecticut. The central topic of the Conference will be Social Theory and the Social Order. The annual Spring meeting of the Ohio Sociological Society will be held in Columbus, Ohio, April 24 and 25, 1936. The Pacific Sociological Society held its Seventh Conference, together with Coast Economists, at Mills College in Oakland, California, December 27-28. In September 1935, E. D. Tetreau, formerly analyst with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at Ohio State University, accepted a position at the University of Arizona as rural sociologist on The Experiment Station staff.

The annual meeting of the American Sociological Society will be held in Denver, Colorado, from September 7-9, 1950. The program will be planned with an emphasis on the applications of social-psychological history and method to a variety of substantive fields in sociology. This means that a considerable number of traditional sections will be recognized in the program and the chairmen asked to assemble papers with the emphasis indicated. Sections to be included in the program are: Theory, Methods, The Family, Criminology, Population. Rural Sociology, Industrial Sociology. Community, Sociology and Psychiatry, Race and Culture. Educational Sociology, Communication and Public Opinion, Sociology and Social Work, and two section meetings of contributed papers.

An introduction is presented in which the editors discuss topics including peer review processes, sociology methodology, and turn-around time for publishing time-sensitive articles.

The religious economies argument maintains that religious pluralism promotes religious participation. Although this theory has been much debated by sociologists of religion, evaluation has been hindered by the lack of a formal model. This paper offers a formalization that builds on the product-differentiation framework from industrial-organization economics. The model suggests a new measure of religious competition and a new empirical test. One religious market may be regarded as more competitive than another religious market if the set of denominations present in the first contains the set of denominations present in the second. Given this partial order on the set of religious markets, the model predicts that more competitive markets will have higher religious participation. This prediction is examined for two data sets previously considered in the literature -- New York towns in 1865 and U.S. counties in 1990. Although the analysis highlights an important theoretical ambiguity (regarding the strategic interdependence of denominational effort choices) and reports a negative empirical finding (that more competitive U.S. counties tend to have lower religious participation), the paper proceeds constructively, attempting to identify viable directions for future research within the religious economies paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A normative desire for interracialism undergirds and structures the sociology of race. However, focusing almost exclusively on racial divisions and conflicts, the sociology of race rarely subjects interracialism to explicit analysis. One consequence of this somewhat peculiar situation is that interracialism is understood negatively, as deracialization--the removal of racism. Even the few studies that appear to redress this negativity through explicit analysis reproduce it. Prototypically, there has long been a scholarly consensus that Hawaii's interracial working-class movement of the late 1930s and 1940s presupposed deracialization: that a "colorblind" class ideology, advanced by the left-led International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, effaced racial divisions. Refuting this interpretation, this paper demonstrates that a deracializing class ideology was not straightforwardly adopted by Hawaii's racially divided workers. Instead, a leftist ideology of class served as the initial pivot for an affirmative transformation of race, producing an interracial ideology that rearticulated, rather than disarticulated, race and class. The paper concludes with several implications of reconceptualizing interracialism affirmatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the 1966 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, which will be held at the Hotel Fontainebleau in Miami Beach, Florida from August 29 to September 1, 1966. It states that August 29, 1966 will be devoted to meetings arranged by sections of the association. Session Organizers appointed by the President of the meeting and the 1966 Program Committee will arrange the regular sessions from August 30 to September 1, 1966. For each field in which the association has a section, the President of the meeting and the Program Committee in consultation with the Section Chairman have appointed a Session Organizer. The final list of Topics and Session Organizers and deadlines for submission of papers will appear in the November 1965 issue of the journal "The American Sociologist." Members may submit papers directly to Session Organizers, or if in doubt about the appropriate session, to the Program Committee. Papers should not exceed 1,500 words in length. Questions regarding the program should be sent to the 1966 Program Committee.

The article analyzes the effects of ethnic conflict, fluctuations in the economy, and organizational density on the rates of founding and failure of white immigrant and African-American newspaper organizations in a system of U.S. cities, and in New York and Chicago, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Contemporary research on collective action claims that organizations play a central role in facilitating many kinds of collective actions. The authors reverse the causal link and ask whether ethnic conflict affects the life chances of social movement organizations. Results indicated that hostility and violence encouraged white immigrants to found ethnic newspapers, whereas racial attacks significantly deterred the founding of African-American newspapers. Existing immigrant newspapers thrived under attack, whereas African-American newspapers did not. Thus, the results suggest that the consequences of repressive attacks on ethnic and racial communities depend on the levels of collective violence in addition to the resources controlled by the victimized group.

This paper investigates the direction and magnitude of the effects of personal, kinship, market, and contextual attributes of visa applicants on their desirability as immigrants to the United States, as judged by members of the professional staff of the U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy. Two classic sociological questions underlie this politically relevant topic: how do societies choose their members? and how do societies allocate scarce benefits? Using the factorial survey pioneered by P.H. Rossi, we obtained from the Commission staff, numerical ratings of the desirability as immigrants of fictitious visa applicants embodying the full range of potentially relevant characteristics discussed in the political arena. Although the ratings were obtained by a number-assignment technique believed to generate a continuous variable, we accommodate the variable's possible ordinality by performing all analyses twice- using both ordinary-least-squares techniques and maximum-likelihood ordered. response techniques. The results are unambiguous: although a lawful and coherent set of rules guides each respondent's ratings, leading to a personal point system for the selection of immigrants, no two staff members' point systems are alike, not even qualitatively. In the complex weave of agreements and disagreements, three conclusions emerge. First, there is unanimous support for granting preference to visa applicants who have a job offer or a United States-citizen sibling. Second, there is severe disagreement by applicant's region of origin. Third, there is a range of disagreement on other attributes, for example, on whether the United States should favor the immigration, ceteris paribus, of older versus younger applicants or of male versus female applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate about the separation of ownership and control has focused primarily on internal control of corporations. This study examines the relationship between ownership and control at the interorganizational level. It investigates the relationship between the structure of interorganizational title, as indicated by proprietary communities of interest, and the structure of interorganizational control, as shown by clusters of firms that recruited their boards from the same sets of directors. Secondarily the paper investigates the structure of centrality in the interlocking directorates, for which managerial theory predicts a close relationship between size and centrality. Examining American railroads in 1905, the results show that (1) while ownership and control may or may not have been separate at the level of the individual firm, at the interorganizational level the structure of title conforms very closely to the structure of control; and (2) the structure of centrality exhibits no singular hierarchy, but distinct clusters. Moreover, major companies were not highly central in the entire network, but were instead dominant within particular clusters, suggesting that centralization does not always engender power. The paper concludes that the debate over ownership and con trol should focus on both organizational and interorganizational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines sexual segregation in 42 occupational categories in the metropolitan areas of the United States as of 1980. The results indicate that variations in metropolitan area segregation are strongly related to local distributions of occupations (which we view as "structural propensities" to segregate). Net of structural propensities and of considerable explanatory importance, however, are a number of indicators of population size, economic vitality, and women's competitiveness. The paper concludes by viewing organizations within metropolitan area environments, and urges that variables pertaining to metropolitan areas and to organizations be combined into a single model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores changes in the number of utopian novels published in Great Britain and the United States between 1883 and 1975 from a world-system perspective. A time-series analysis indicates that the publication of utopian literature was affected by changes in the world economy and by changes in the organization of the core of the world-system. On the basis of these findings, we argue that the world-system perspective represents a promising approach for the study of cross-national cultural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a sociological approach to worker attachment that differs markedly from the capital value model of labor economics and the job satisfaction/organizational commitment approach of organizational psychology. Given that the worker's subordination is a key structural feature of the employment relation, the paper argues that the experience of subordination, as shaped by institutionalized normative codes governing the organization of domination, ought to be a central feature of models of attachment. Drawing on Weber's theory of authority, the paper holds that attachment is partly the outcome of a process whereby workers grade employer governance practices by reference to legitimating beliefs that prescribe proper modes of domination. Focusing on the American case, it is argued that this process of legitimation and attachment is governed largely by a belief in legality. A qualitative review of historical evidence suggests that, controlling for the economic rewards of work, the relationship between forms of governance and attachment over the last hundred years may be understood by reference to workers' belief in legality. The findings of an exploratory analysis of data from a firm and a national sample of workers lends additional support to the approach. The evidence weighs in favor of an approach that links nonnative principles of domination to worker attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the evolution of perceptions of social distance and discrimination by the host society among members of a recently arrived foreign minority. Determinants of these perceptions suggested by three alternative hypotheses in this area are reviewed and their effects compared empirically. The data come from a longitudinal study of adult male Cuban exiles interviewed at the time of arrival in the United States and again three and six years later. Results suggest a significant rise in perceptions of social distance and discrimination from low initial levels and a consistent association of such perceptions with variables suggested by the ethnic resilience perspective. In particular, findings from a series of logistic regressions converge with recent events in South Florida to demonstrate the significance of intererhnic contact and competition in the development of ethnic awareness. Theoretical implications of these results and their bearing on the analysis of differences between labor immigrants and political refugees are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of interindustry interlocking directorates for the period 1886-1905 reveals that centrality was the primary structural feature. Twelve randomly selected industries formed a structure shaped like a core with radiating spokes. The railroad, along with the telegraph and coal industries, formed the core. The other, peripheral industries at first interlocked only with the core, and only after the turn of the century substantially interlocked with each other. Banks were initially secondary to railroads, but increasingly played an integrative role. Two types of interlocks, those based on proprietary relations and those based on resource exchange, are seen to structure the system. The results offer a provisional baseline for studies of long-term change in the structure of the American interlocking directorate network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first systematic investigation of the American class structure based on data gathered from an explicitly Marxian, relational perspective. Classes in this research are not defined in terms of categories of occupations, but in terms of social relations of control over investments, decision making, other people's work, and one's own work, Data on these dimensions of social relations of production were gathered in a national survey of the U.S. working population. Four general results from the study are particularly important: (1) The working class is by far the largest class in the American class structure. (2) Close to half of all locations within the class structure have a "contradictory character," that is, their class content is determined by more than one bask class. The American class structure cannot therefore be represented by any simple scheme of class polarization. (3) Lower status white-collar occupations are virtually as proletarianized as manual occupations. It therefore makes little sense to consider such occupations as part of the "middle class." (4) Women and blacks are considerably more proletarianized than white males. The result is that a sizable majority of the U.S. working class is composed of women and minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a description and explanation of the current character of whites' beliefs about blacks' opportunity: perceptions of equality of opportunity, discrimination, "reverse discrimination," and the over-time trend in black opportunity. Data from a recent national survey show that whites tend to perceive widespread reverse discrimination, to see blacks' opportunity as having greatly improved in recent years, and in general to deny structural limits to blacks' opportunity. We propose that these perceptions are, in part, the product of the prevailing beliefs about stratification held by the American public. Empirical analysis shows that whites' beliefs about blacks' opportunity are significantly influenced by persons' perceptions of their own opportunity, by stratification ideology explaining opportunity in general, and by feelings of relative deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical and theoretical analysis of intercity variation in black-white occupational differences constitutes a thin but persistent thread running through the last 30 years of sociological literature. At least nine separate statistical analyses have been reported in major sociological journals from 1951 to 1976, starting with Turner's (1951) attempt to test "some hypotheses frequently found in the race relations literature" concerning the relative occupational position of the Negro male in the labor forces of large American cities. This paper reassesses this entire literature on theoretical, methodological and empirical grounds. Our strategy here is to ask some key, underlying questions which never have been considered by earlier empirical studies of city differences in the race-occupation relationship. We find unexpected answers to these questions and these answers lead us to reexamine the dominant methodology of previous studies of the relative occupational standing of blacks and whites in U.S. metropolitan areas. In our methodological reexamination of earlier studies, we ask some additional basic, underlying questions which have not been considered in previous research, and the answers we find enable us to explain exactly how certain methodological conventions in this literature misled earlier researchers. As a further validation of our methodological arguments, and for theoretical reasons developed in this paper, we also investigate intermetropolitan variation in gender differences in occupational distribution. Finally, we draw upon recent theoretical and empirical research on the social evaluation of occupations to derive a theoretical explanation of why sexual differentiation and racial differentiation in the occupational structure does not vary substantially across U.S. metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an empirical test of the effect of cross-national television on viewers' attitudes and cognition. Interviews were given to adult (N = 414) and high school (N = 218) populations in three northern Minnesota locations; one receiving Canadian TV only, one receiving Canadian and U.S. TV, and one receiving U.S. TV only. Controls for other media use, other exposure to Canada, and various socioeconomic dimensions were employed. Substantial cognitive and attitudinal effects were found. Cognitive effects were generally stronger than attitudinal effects, and cognitive and attitudinal effects toward sending country were stronger than toward receiving country. The pattern of effects differed somewhat in the adult and student samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on changes in socioeconomic structure of U.S. suburbs between 1920, 1950, and 1970. Persistence in suburban socioeconomic structure has been important in both time periods, but particularly so in the post-World War II period. Moderate evidence of suburban status evolution is found in the period between World War land 1950. In the earlier time period, evolution was explained by characteristics of both the metropolitan area and the individual community; in the most recent time period, it related primarily to characteristics of the individual community. In both time periods, evolution in suburban socioeconomic structure has been related most strongly to community population growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from five sample surveys taken between 1964 and 1974 to investigate recent change in U.S. women's sex-role attitudes. It employs several statistical techniques to insure comparability among samples before making inferences about attitude change. The results of the analysis suggest there has been considerable movement toward more egalitarian role definitions in the past decade, with such change occurring equally among higher and lower status women. The analysis also finds evidence that women's attitudes about their rights in the labor market are becoming more strongly related to their attitudes about their roles in the home and shows that educational attainment and employment are among the most important individual- level predictors of attitudes at a given point in time. Little evidence is found for the unique influence of the women's movement on change in women's sex-role attitudes, but the sizable changes in these attitudes since 1964 may help explain the rise of the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that suicides increase immediately after a suicide story has been publicized in the news papers in Britain and in the United States, 1947-1968. The more publicity devoted to a suicide story, the larger the rise in suicides thereafter. The rise in suicides after a story is restricted mainly to the area in which the story was publicized. Alternative explanations of these findings are examined; the evidence indicates that the rise in suicides is due to the influence of suggestion on suicide, an influence not previously demonstrated on the national level of suicides. The substantive, theoretical, and methodological implications of these findings are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social context in which gang violence occurs in a Mexican American community. We argue that gang violence arises in situations where one party impugns the honor of his adversary. This sort of conduct violates the norms of interpersonal etiquette and constitutes, in Goffman's terminology, a violation of "personal space." Gang members fluctuate uneasily between conventional and honor bound responses to these kinds of insults. The paper outlines a theory of normative ambiguity that deals with this movement between two antithetical codes for conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pluralist and interest-group (or modified Marxian) views of society offer two competing sets of hypotheses concerning the relationship between objective and subjective social status and the role of other variables in this relations/tip. Using a 1964 national sample survey of the United States, this paper specifies and examines these hypotheses more fully. Starting with a series of simple formulations, and building up to a fuller multivariate recursive system, the paper concludes that the data are more consistent with the interest-group approach than they are with the pluralist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is popularly believed that upwardly mobile American men are more conservative than those born into the middle class. This paper reviews the evidence for the belief and concludes that, if anything, upwardly mobile American men are less conservative than their stable ,middle class compatriots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the empirical utility of consensual and conflictual theories in explaining the social cohesion of the liberal democracies of Britain and the United States. After clarifying conceptual problems of value consensus theory and Marxist theory, it examines the forms and extent of value-commitment in these countries. The conclusion is that both theories grossly overstate the amount of both value consensus between individuals and value consistency within individuals that actually exists. Cohesion in liberal democracy depends rather on the lack of consistent commitment to general values of any sort and on the "pragmatic acceptance" by subordinate classes of their limited roles in society. Suggestive evidence is also found for the existence of some "false consciousness" among subordinate classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American political life, both historically and at present, has proven unusually resistant to economic interpretation, either by the Classical Liberal or the Marxist versions of economic determinism. Instead, political scholars have placed heavy reliance on a variety of non-economic factors, the most recent being those of alienation, mass society and status Protest. However, in this paper we argue that a great deal of American political life can be explained economically, in terms of class conflict, if revisions are made in class theory. Accordingly, a multi-dimensional theory of class conflict, based on the work of Max Weber, is presented, using the dimensions of the credit and commodity markets along with the usual dimension of the labor market. This theory is then applied to three political problems: (1) the relation between agrarian and labor protest in the 19th century; (2) the contemporary radical right; and (3) the current Negro protest movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While individuals may at times lose touch with reality as their culture defines it, whole communities ordinarily do not. Yet instances are on record when this has very nearly happened: people in Mattoon, Illinois, believed for a few days in September 1945 that a "phantom anesthetist" was prowling their town; and a Martian invasion took place in the minds of many persons in the New York City area on October 30, 1938. Russia's Sputniks may be expected to give rise to a wide variety of mass hallucinatory phenomena similar to those that followed our first H-bomb explosions in March, 1954. This paper analyzes one such reaction: the windshield pitting epidemic that broke out in Seattle, Washington, in the Spring of 1954. Most commonly, the damage reportedly, windshelds consisted of pitting marks that grew into bubbles in the glass of about size of a thumbnail. On the evening of the 15th, the Mayor of Seattle declared the damage was no longer a police matter and made an emergency appeal to the Government for help. Many persons covered their windshields with mats or newspaper; others simply kept their automobiles garaged.

The rapid changes taking place in the rural areas adjacent to cities are frequently objects of comment by observant citizens as well as by social scientists. The relevant data available regarding these changes in the United States are limited in scope and widely known, local observations are frequently reported in the press. The task of developing theory has not been ignored, although such work has been overshadowed by the accumulation of a great deal of descriptive detail. Indeed, the amount of research and theorizing in recent years makes it imperative that interested persons take time to summarize, evaluate, and synthesize accomplishments to date. This paper represents one such attempt. Attention has been deliberately restricted to ecological and demographic changes taking place in the rural sectors of satellite areas, a generic term used here to encompass all varieties of suburbs, satellite cities, fringe areas, commuters zones, and other areas under the immediate influence of the central city. This restriction results from space limitations rather than any idea that other types of change or other sectors of the satellite area are of lesser importance.

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether there are significant differences, on the average, between garrison and combat neuropsychiatric (NP), in terms of selected characteristics believed to be relevant to the etiology of their breakdown. Garrison army is army of the U.S. The data consist of questionnaires completed by 328 white combat NP's who provided information in the first 2-3 days after their breakdown and by 1,754 white combat "normals" representing a cross section of enlisted men in the same divisions from which the NP's came. A significant number of the items are comparable with those included on a questionnaire given by Star and Associates to 563 white garrison NP's and 3,501 white garrison normals constituting a cross-section of enlisted men then in the U.S. The major conclusion of this paper is that men who break down in combat are quite different, in many respects, from men who break down in the Army in a garrison situation. Questionnaires which covered selected personal characteristics, neurotic symptoms, childhood and army experiences, and attitudes included twenty-five measures on which the difference between NP's in the garrison situation and a cross-section of "normal" garrison soldiers could be directly compared with the difference between NP's in the combat situation and a cross-section of "normal" combat soldiers.

This paper reports an investigation of communication behavior in a "natural" social system the white adult community in a Mississippi town of 5,000 population, called Bakerville in this report. The study was directed at the general question of who talks to whom about specific community problems and projects. The present paper, however, deals with only one aspect of this problem: how persons who report a variety of communication contacts differ from those who report few or no contacts. To examine the relationship between extensiveness of communication contacts and other variables the sample has been dichotomized into high communicators and low communicators. Operationally defined, high communicators are those who report talking to three or more different persons about community problems; low communicators, those who report talking to fewer than three persons. "Positional" Factors. The relationship between extensiveness of communication contacts and position in the social structure was in part investigated in the present study by comparing the social status of high and low communicators. Index of Status Characteristics (ISC) was used as a convenient method for estimating the social position of members of the sample.

This paper supplements studies of metropolitan areas in which emphasis has been placed mainly upon the growth of suburbs, or the metropolitan "ring." The "central city" as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census is the object of attention in this study which investigated changes in growth and in patterns of distribution of total, white, and nonwhite populations by zonal distance from the city center during the decade 1940-1950. Twenty-three cities were selected for analysis. The main sources of data for this study were the census tract publications of the U.S. Bureau of the Census for 1940 and 1950, and the 1930-1940 study of central city growth by Thompson. The population growth observed for the twenty-three cities in the decades between 1900 and 1950 exhibited a general tendency toward a declining rate. This trend was most noticeable between 1900 and 1940. Between 1940 and 1950 rates of population growth were higher than those of the previous decade in all cities except Atlanta, Nashville, and Washington; but they were, in general, lower than the rates of growth of the decades prior to 1930.

This paper analyzes the relationship between intelligence and occupation and, secondly, relates occupation to various aspects of migration. The relationship between occupation and test intelligence has been the subject of considerable investigation. There tends to be a hierarchy of occupational structure which is closely related to test intelligence, whether the classification is based on the subject's parental occupation or on his own occupation. The material for the investigation consists of the Ohio State University Intelligence Test scores for about 5,000 boys and girls who were high school seniors in 116 Missouri communities in 1939-41. There seems to be a distinct tendency for the brighter boys and girls in rural areas and small towns of Missouri, to find their occupational levels in the higher prestige occupations, especially the professional groups, while those who perform more poorly on tests are more likely to become manual worker and farmers with somewhat lower rankings on the prestige scale.

This paper discusses the relation of urbanization with group participation. This paper is a report of the data obtained in one metropolitan community which bear on this relation. The data were collected by the Detroit Area Study. Interviews were obtained from a cross-section sample representative of the Detroit Area population. The sample size was 749 and was a probability sample selected by the method known as "area sampling." Findings indicate that: a majority of the population had formal group membership. However, membership was neither markedly intensive nor extensive for most organizational members, and at least one-third of the population had no such membership. Formal group membership and participation were not randomly distributed throughout the population, but were related to what are considered to be some basic and fundamental differentiating characteristics in society. In the population studied informal group association was well-nigh universal with only a small segment entirely devoid of such association. Relatives emerged as the most important type of informal group association. Formal and informal group participation were found to vary positively together.

The study of the social role of the legislator is important from two points of view: it is essential to the understanding of the actual working of representative government, and it provides a perspective on other occupational roles by contrast. The occupational problems of the politician have been treated by Weber and more recently by Shils; the purpose of the present paper is to continue this analysis by means of data gathered in the course of studies of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, with particular reference to the way in which a person engaged in politics supports himself and reduces the insecurity of his occupation. This paper shall be concerned chiefly with some correlates of the representative's seniority in the legislature. The correlates of seniority are of importance with regard to definition of the representative's role because there seems to be a selective process whereby those who remain longest in the legislature come to terms most fully with the problems that membership poses. Thus this paper examines not only the strains in this role, which is in some ways quite different from the usual occupational role, but also the ways of coping with them.

The two outstanding studies of historical trends of internal migration in the United States were both made some years ago. C.J. Galpin and T.B. Manny made their study in 1934 and C.W. Thornthwaite's study was also made in that year. Both of these studies used state-of-birth data from the Census. The present study, for which this paper is merely a progress report, is using the survival method for estimating net migration. In this method survival rates are computed for each age-sex-color-nativity group for each decade. These survival rates are applied to the number present at the beginning of a decade, in order to get an expected number present at the end of the decade. This expected number is compared with the observed number present at the end of the decade and the difference is considered to be due to net migration. Obviously the accuracy of this method is determined by both the accuracy of enumeration of the population and the accuracy of the survival rates. Since enumeration is generally fairly accurate and since there is little one can do about errors here, efforts are turned to the computation of survival rates.