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After reviewing some of the methodological difficulties which have faced investigators trying to investigate the rise of revitalization movements, the methodological advantages of studying the acceptance of the Ghost Dance (circa 1889) by North American Indians are delineated. These advantages are: (1) a relatively large number of tribes (N=37) were all exposed to what was more or iess the same revitalization movement; (2) information on the degree to which each tribe accepted the movement is available from a source contemporary to the event and (3) information relating to some of the social characteristics of these tribes is available from Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas. The sample thus provides what is probably a unique opportunity for quantitatively testing several hypotheses relating to the acceptance of revitalization movements. After ascertaining that diffusion alone could not account for acceptance of the Ghost Dance, several other hypotheses, derived from different theoretical frameworks, were tested. Thus, using a "cultural deprivation " argument, it was predicted, and found, that those tribes recently deprived (because they were living in areas in which the buffalo had only recently been exterminated) were far more likely to accept the Ghost Dance than those not recently deprived. The assertion-implicit in Worsley's analysis of Cargo Cults-that acceptance of a revitalization movement would vary inversely with degree of political centralization was not supported by the data. Finally, based upon a consideration of the social conditions promoting '

The authors examine the effects of immigration on the rate of growth of education in the United States from 1890 to 1970. The differences in the effect of various immigrant groups on educational growth over time are identified and the reasons for the negative or positive effects of varying immigrant groups on educational growth are discussed (ANNOTATION)

W HILE recognizing that mate-selection has been found to be homogamous with respect to numerous social characteristics (religion, socio-economic status, etc.), the writer has hypothesized that with respect to individual motivation (or at the psychic level) mate-selection tends to be complementary rather than homogamous. To test this hypothesis the writer has subjected to intensive study twenty-five husbands and their wives. Last year a preliminary report on the test of the general hypothesis was published,' and the findings supported the hypothesis. That report was preliminary in the sense that it was based upon only one of several sets of data. Now all analyses relevant to the general hypothesis have been completed. The purpose of the present paper is to report the findings.

O NE OF the significant factors in the never ceasing changes in society is that of leadership. If one assumes that man is all important and that culture is largely an attendant phenomenon of his efforts, the importance of leadership is evident. If one takes the opposite position that cultural accumulation and cultural processes are inherently more powerful than men in producing changes, leaders of certain types acquire added significance as the ones who hasten or retard the processes of cultural change and give them direction. Most sociologists would probably adopt a middle-of-the-road point of view, analyzing cultural phenomena as products of the interplay of culture and man. In each of these approaches, a leader may well be defined as one who plays a vital part in the shaping of some part of the cultural pattern. Due to the comparative completeness of the life histories in the volumes of the Dictionary of American Biography, it is possible to make an objective study of certain bio-social characteristics of 372 inventors who have had much to do with determining various aspects of American culture. The term inventor is used in these biographies to mean an innovator of new combinations in the realm of the material rather than of the social, religious, or literary aspects of societal organization. In view of the large number of individuals who have been granted patents, this small group of persons forms a highly selected group, outstanding in the field of invention. Of the 372 individuals, four-fifths have been born since i8oo. Only i2 were born prior to I750. The members of the group may be characterized, therefore, as having lived during a period of rapid growth and expansion in American industry. The data obtainable are pertinent for the analysis of certain factors which throw light on leadership in general and on inventors in particular. At the outset, it is interesting to note that only one woman is listed among the 372 inventors. This is quite in line with the general cultural pattern and the specific patterns in the more restricted field of invention. Woman's place may have been in the home; it decidedly was not in the mechanical inventive field of past generations.' This one case has been omitted from consideration so that the following data deal with 37i eminent American male inventors whose lives have been completed. Place of Birth. A larger proportion of American inventors than of the comparable general population has been native born. Of the 371 inventors

The rather simple investigation reported here is part of a larger study of residential mobility, in the course of which detailed housing histories were gathered by interview for 574 stable families. A "stable" family was defined as one established by marriage before April 1940, resident in Minneapolis in April 1940 and in February 1948, with male head and wife both present in the household in February 1948. The original research plan called for a purposive sample stratified on the basis of six I940 characteristics for which census data were available: Tenure, Nativity of head, Race, Years of schooling of head, Number of children under age io, and Major occupational group of head. A peculiar problem of ex post facto sampling soon became apparent. A representative cross-section of the 1940 family population would necessarily have social characteristics somewhat different from that fraction of the same population which was destined to remain stable for most of the ensuing decade. It was therefore decided to maintain strict control only on major oc

T HE results of one phase of a longitudinal study of some 4000 young adolescents will be presented in this paper.' Early in 1947 the authors designed a project intended to obviate some of the difficulties found in research studies undertaken to reveal how adjusted and maladjusted persons differ in personality characteristics. In general the majority of such studies have tended to relate the background of the deviant or the maladjusted to the personal or behavioral difficulty after his maladjustment has occurred. Thus, much of what is known about the factors supposedly indicative of probable maladjustment is derived from a reconstruction of the developmental histories of deviant persons only. The reliability of such reconstructions is dependent upon a variety of circumstances beyond the control of the investigator and may in part be responsible for the indifferent results achieved when such reconstructed personality and social patterns assumed to be characteristic of deviants are employed to predict the behavior of others believed to be similar to such known deviants.2 In view of this it seemed desirable to collect data on the personality and social characteristics of a large group of children most of whom had not as yet manifested gross personality or behavioral

A method for describing and analyzing selection decisions is applied to the problem of the acceptance and admission of patients referred to psychiatric hospitals. The model directs attention to the separate decision points that constitute the overall selection process and permits an examination of the relative importance of different variables at different points in this process. The total populations of referrals to two psychiatric hospitals over an elevenweek period were followed to determine those persons who were accepted, or not accepted; and those admitted or not admitted to the hospital. These sub-groups were compared with each other on a number of social characteristics. Differences and similarities among these groups reflect the selection criteria of the institutions and indicate the ways in which the populations of referred, accepted, and admitted patients are related to each other.

S INCE I928, when E. W. Burgess2 published the results of an investigation designed to explore the possibility of predicting the results of parole, a large number of studies have appeared the results of which indicate the feasibility of utilizing prognostic techniques in other fields of human social behavior. The data presented in these several studies offer reasonably convincing proof that it is possible to utilize specific personal and social characteristics of individuals to predict their conduct when they are placed in designated situations.3 In short, the work of investigators has demonstrated that actuarial prediction of phases of human behavior is possible. In view of the aid that such prognostic instruments can give to administrative officials whose task it is to treat and manage criminal offenders, social work clients, foster children, etc., it is indeed surprising to find that so few of them have taken advantage of the help that such prediction instruments could render. The almost complete lack of monographs attesting to the fact that administrators have made use of the predictive devices created in the several fields of human behavior stands as a constant reminder of the reluctance exhibited by so called "practical" men to apply the results of social science research to human social relations. Of equal surprise is the fact that so little has been done by social scientists to test the usefulness of the created prognostic instruments.4 The fact that these instruments have not been incorporated into the practical policies of parole boards, probation offices, child placing agencies, etc., may in part be traced to the apparent unwillingness of social scientists to test the predictive capacity of the instruments. This very important step in the further development of actuarial prediction 'The completion of this study was made possible by the financial aid received from the research funds of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. Thanks are also due to Dorothy Hayes for assistance in the collection of data. 2Bruce, A. A., Harno, A. J., Burgess, E. W., Landesco, J., Parole and the Indeterminate Sentence, Illinois State Board of Parole, 1928. Pp. 205