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References for the articles published in the journal "American Speech" are presented.

The author examines Ogasawara Mixed Language (OML) postwar on the Bonin Islands off of Japan. He observes the structure of the language through morphology, phonology, syntax, and lexicon, then looks at the origins of the mixed language through bilingualism, first-language acquisition, the role of children, language death, and code mixing. Social factors such as intelligibility, identities of the speakers, and the attitudes held by the OML users is analyzed. The author then speculates on the future of OML which he is not optimistic about.

The author discusses Bonin English during the United States Navy occupation of the Bonin Islands off of Japan in the 1960's. The Islands were isolated at that time so there was little linguistic contact with the outside world. According to the author, the island children were not allowed to use Japanese in school and were punished for doing so by the Navy-employed schoolteachers. The author states that children raised during the Navy Era acquired Ogasawara Mixed Language (OML) first and then learned mainstream Japanese or English later. Postwar Bonin English had several sources including Bonin Creoloid English and varieties of United States English especially Hawaiian English, reports the author.

The author looks at features of the Bonin English and the Ogasawara Mixed Language (OML) in the early twentieth-century on the Bonin Islands off of Japan. The author describes a phenomenon that occurred; the intertwining of the two languages into one language system with a combination of both grammatical and phonological features from both languages. This was most noticeable in homes with both parents being Westerners. The author discusses the Japanese component and the morphological changes and syntax used in OML.

The author discusses English language during the Navy period after World War II (WWII) on the Bonin Islands off of Japan. There were basically three languages: standard English, standard Japanese and Ogasawara Mixed Language (OML). After WWII and up until 1968, the Bonin Islands were occupied by the United States military as a secret installation and only the Navy personnel, their families, and the "Western" islanders were allowed in or out of the area. Children from kindergarten through grade seven went to school on the islands and were taught predominantly in English although Japanese was still spoken. Further schooling was completed on the mainland, Japan, or Guam.

Zero copula is a feature of English-based creoles which has figured in the African American Vernacular English (AAVE) origins debate. While much attention has been paid to the effects of the following grammatical category, the lack of a comparative base highlights the need for more quantitative studies in the Caribbean. We analyze zero copula on the eastern Caribbean island of Bequia, where a mesolectal creole variety coexists with a nonstandard English variety. Our results show that the relative ordering of factors within the following grammatical category is parallel in the two varieties, but predicate adjectives are treated differently. We suggest reconsidering the inference of a creole origin for zero copula in AAVE on the basis of the following grammatical category and reevaluating the theoretical notion of the creole continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the copula variability in Gullah and Southern rural Aave in relation to creolist hypothesis. Relationship between Gullah and the African American Vernacular English; Argument raised by creolists; System of copula variability in Gullah.

Examines developments in the identification of past events in Belizean creole. Analysis on the linguistic patterns in language contacts; Characteristics of creole dialects; Determination of English lexical items in mesolectal and acrolectal extensions; Integration of the issue on language identity and creole nativization in the creole culture.

Opinion. Discusses the jargon used by restaurant workers in the United States. Number of restaurant workers who use jargon; Details on the jargon used; What some of the jargon terms mean.

Provides an overview of the development of the Chinook Jargon, a means of communication between the white traders and Indians and among various groups of Indians themselves, in Oregon country. Dispute over the origin of the jargon; Features of the jargon; Groups of people represented by the jargon; Dialects used in the newspaper 'Oregon Spectator.'

Presents news on the American language as of February 1, 1945. Statement about the fish grindle in a publication by Rachel L. Carlson, 'Fishes of the Middle West'; Information on the jargon of waiters and sodaclerks which appeared in 'The New York Weekly' of June 23, 1884; Description of a form that is found frequently in American Yiddish correspondence and in the spoken language.