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The various theories concerning migration are demonstrating that migration is a complex phenomenon, with equally complex and diverse implications. At the same time, society is in constant change, and major shifts at the international level could generate new migratory flows or different perspectives on this phenomenon. The effects of migration manifest in various fields, and the sciences concerned with migration address them specifically in their areas of influence. The most evident consequences appear from a socio-economic perspective. Labour emigration has had significant economic impacts, including reductions in GDP, wage shifts and a weakening of innovation potential and while remittances provide some financial relief, they are insufficient to offset the broader challenges created by labour shortages. The negative long-term effects on competitiveness and productivity underscore the need for comprehensive policy responses to mitigate the economic consequences of emigration. Romania has one of the largest diasporas in Europe, and the economic effects of this migration are vast. By choosing to analyze these two components – GDP and remittances, we can capture both the losses and benefits generated by migration for Romania’s economy. The study of GDP reflects the losses in terms of internal production, while the analysis of remittances shows how these external financial flows can contribute to the stabilization and regional economic development. By focusing on GDP and remittances, our paper will provide a well-founded perspective on the real impact of migration on Romania's economy, using specific data and relevant economic analyses to highlight both the challenges and opportunities.

The aim of the paper “The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Romanian Economy in the Year 2020” is to analyse the most important macroeconomic indicators of the Romanian economy in the year 2020 from the prospect of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to quantify the impact of the health crisis on the economic activity and the volume of foreign trade. We will analyse the evolution of the GDP, the unemployment rate, the gross public dept (5 of GDP) and the current account balance (% of GDP) in Romania, the evolution of the trade result and the inflation in Romania and compare the actual figures with the figures from the previous year without influecences from the Corona pandemic. After that, we will make some recommendation in order to reduce the negative influences for the Romanian economy and to improve the evolution of the Romanian GDP, to reduce the unemployment rate and the inflation in our country, to improve the trade result of Romania. In addition, we will present the general trends of economic evolution in the pandemic context and the opportunities that economic actors should take advantage of. The results of this analysis should be of real interest to decision-makers, investors, managers, students, the media, and other users in general.

The innovation and new information technologies have become crucial determinants to encourage competitiveness in all sectors of economy. This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and digital skills. The analysis of the economic growth will be carried out with the help of the most representative indicator of results, respectively the gross domestic product (GDP). The starting point of the study is the analysis of the level recorded by GDP/capita and the level of digital skills for each EU member state, continuing with the perspective of the evolution of the link between the two indicators and the grouping of countries according to it. The results show similarities and dissimilarities between the EU countries and help us understand the progress of the EU28 countries towards a digital society and economy. Also, the study can be a necessary tool for decision makers, focusing on the important aspects whose evolution depends on the development of the Digital Single Market for Europe.

Analyzing this problem of increasing or decreasing the public debt in Romania we have found that there are many debates between the contemporary economists regarding the economic development in this way. Most of the work is summed up at the very low level of budgetary revenues collected in recent years and the steady increase of budget expenditures. Public debt was and is well below the 60% of GDP ceiling set by the Maastricht Treaty. But there is a trend of economic thinking that advocates raising public debt, but which can be found in productive investments conducive to job creation and GDP growth. Our study shows that although we have quite large economic growth, however, in Romania, the lowest budget revenues in Europe are registered, due to a rise in public debt, both calculated as a percentage of GDP. This state of the economy may be the result of an asymmetry in Romania's European integration policy, the need to meet the nominal convergence criteria and the real convergence indicators that are so important to enter the eurozone. On the background of statistical data, through heuristic research, we set out to find out how best it is to roll out year on year increasing public debt for the sustainable development of the economy, or to reduce public debt in order not to leave a burden too to the future generations and to find other ways of development.

Starting from the fact the cereals are the main raw material for the food industry, the present work aims to analyse and identify, with the help of cluster analysis, the best performing countries, members of the European Union (EU), which have common characteristics having in view the degree of economic development, measured by means of the indicator of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the production of grain and the yield per hectare. At the same time, using the method based on hierarchy of ranks, depending on the size of each level features and the relative distance method in relation to maximum performance, will determine developments position which occupies each country within the clusters represented in the EU-28. The data is used for analysis related to late 2000, 2008, 2014 and 2015..

Romania, alongside of Bulgaria is among the poorer Member States EU-28. At the end of 2016, according to Eurostat, the share of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion was 38.8% of the country's total population, while the EU-28 average of 23.5%. At the same time, Romania has the fastest economic growth among the EU-28 member countries, which means that this growth is not evenly distributed in Romania: some regions have developed and others have not developed, have accentuated social inequalities within the country. This paper is a statistical review of poverty in Romania, which main scope is to highlight regional gaps. Our results show that both the economic and the social convergence have not been homogeneous at the level of the regions of the country, there are significant gaps between capital city and other regions of Romania.

Romania’s population is undergoing a decline in demographic figures and a shift in the population structure, as older generations tend to retire moving to the top part of the age pyramid. This types of transitions are followed by a decrease in economic growth, as a result of a shrinking workforce, lower productivity levels, a more moderate savings rate, and smaller investments. Looking at the labor market in Romania, it is apparent that it is in decline, with a considerable portion of the population approaching retirement, and a lack of workers to take their place. But this reality has not caught up yet with the Romanian economy that is growing at a constant pace. To better understand this phenomenon, a closer look at the labor force is in order using the employment to population ratio, which helps in explaining how the labor force contributes to constant economic growth. The research method is statistical with the aim of determining the changes over time of the employment to population ratio, in relationship to the total population and GDP growth. The expected results аre thаt economic growth is mаintаined and encouraged by а steady working group of the populаtion thаt in time has become more proficient аnd productive thus leаding to a constаnt increase in GDP.

The monetary policy rate is besides a monetary instrument and a monetary policy measure of the central banks. Communication of decisions on the level of official monetary policy rates targets the stability of prices. The confluence between the macroeconomic indicators and the monetary policy rate is the place where the monetary policy measures meet with the main indicators that reflect the state of the economy over a certain period of time. In this paper I will present a reflection on the situation of the main indicators: GDP, inflation and unemployment, as well as the monetary policy rate imposed by the central banks. As a method of research we used the analysis of the mechanism of transmission of monetary policy decisions at the confluence with the main macroeconomic indicators.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of Romania’s GDP and other European countries’ GDP, as a response to social media debate on the fact that Romania seems to have the highest economic growth. The purpose of the research is to signal a series of inconsistencies between the GDP indicator and the economic reality of a country. In this sense, we propose an assessment of the level of GDP in Romania and in other countries, as well as the growth rate of GDP. We also want to highlight other representative aspects of a country's assessment such as the debt ratio or the uneven income distribution, which are more representative than the GDP indicator. In this context, we want to emphasize that an isolated analyzer can distort the real image. At the same time, the issue is alarming if we recall some other negative events, such as the 2008-2009 period, when Romanian society, being encouraged by a fictitious explosion of GDP, has developed an unsustainable, debt-based economy.

This paper presents the evolution of the final consumption in Romania, as part of gross domestic product during the period 2009 - 2014. The analysis of the final consumption shows concern especially by observing the evolution of its two components: actual consumption achieved by households and the one achieved by public administrations. Final consumption has a high share within the gross domestic product, but the trend is one of diminishing it. The situation in which our country is found is no different from what occurs in other EU countries, where the final consumption has a significant share in GDP.

In this study, we compare the determinants of GDP per capital for China and the other BRICS countries over the 1985-2011 period. Due to missing data, we do not include Russia in the analysis. The variables that we include in the analyses are patent applications by residents, scientific and technical journal articles, exports, household consumption, age dependency ratio, foreign direct investment, energy production, and domestic credit to private sector. Our regression analyses show that, for the sample period, the determinants of GDP per capita are different for China and the other BRICS countries. While scientific and technical journal articles, household final consumption expenditure, foreign direct investment net inflows, exports of goods and services, age dependency ratio, and domestic credit to private sector by banks explain China’s GDP per capita in one or both models, the results are mixed for the other BRICS countries.

This paper aims to examine briefly some elements of macroeconomic aspects that could explain - at least partly - a number of causes of the current economic crisis in Greece. Using data provided by competent bodies, is intended as a more accurate outlining the differences between Greece and the other countries of the European Union member show widespread Greek State as an outlier among the countries that make up the current "U.E. 28 ". The analysis is based on three indicators relevant to the case – unemployment, government debt and nonperforming loans.

In development of the study on major structural distortions presented in modern economies we must keep in mind that the world economy is subjected to a complex process of transformations that shapes and creates a mosaic of situations. It should also be noted that there are huge differences between the world countries regarding the level of economic efficiency, degree of labor force employment, the endowment with natural resources and, especially, the level of development of the various branches and sectors. We will center our analysis on studying the sectoral and branches structures of various countries and on comparisons between them, stressing the need for change, for transition to superior economic structures, well-articulated between them.

The absorption of structural and cohesion funds for the period 2007-2013 was relatively low, several reasons were identified by the European Union and the European Commission and had several gaps in legislative terms and in terms of management. Financial and economic crisis that started in 2008, dramatically altered the socio-economic context for cohesion policy programs. The economic downturn also triggered a sharp deterioration in the business climate and consumer confidence, investment (gross fixed capital formation) decreased from 21% of GDP in 2008 to 18% in 2012, exports of goods and services and investment direct foreign having the same negative trend. Absorption capacity non-reimbursable financial resources is a variable with a direct and very strong link in ensuring economic and social cohesition with resources available from European funds.

The analysis of the response capacity of business environment in the manifestation of some risks of a large amplitude can be achieved by identifying the evolution of fundamental macroeconomic indicators, both in good periods from economically point of view as well as in the difficult phases. This article reflects the evolution of the most important macroeconomic indicators in Romania, before and after the crisis triggered in 2008, at the global and regional level. Also, it represent an radiography of the business environment, from point of view of the evolution of the active entreprises and of their results, which was obtained in the context of the macroeconomics politics promoted by the different gouvernment. The overall conclusion that can be drawn is that the objective of achieving economic growth by all means can have undesirable effects, represented by overheating of the economy and instability.

Human being should be seen as the most important asset of economic life, and its well-being should be considered as an important indicator in having a realistic account regarding the level of prosperity and evolution of a nation. Although the concept of GNH (Gross National Happiness) has been introduced by economists like Richard Layard, and we have the example of Kingdom of Buthan where happiness is the only measurement means for quantifying the well-being of the population, governments and even economy tend to completely ignore such a parameter. We are more involved in an increasing consumeristic society, in wars, fighting for supremacy, gaining more territories, producing and spreading disease and medicines and we are less and less preoccupied by the inner being, by the human beings around us, by our fellow creatures. This paper is an attempt to prove that GNH (Gross National Happiness) should be the means of measuring the prosperity of a nation, and replace at least partially GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

This article made a detailed study on the debt situation of the countries from EU and Romania default. The economic crisis which began in 2007, with major repercussions in social life, led to the inability of governments to implement their goals before the snap. Countries in Europe there were also deadlocked facing substantial budget deficits and public debt increased by default. To cover them, in a first phase, governments have opted for borrowing on domestic and foreign capital, at the expense of adopting austerity measures that aim to reduce spending and increase tax revenues in order to increase the budget purchased, which had aroused discontent among their countries citizens. Populist measures taken had the effect of economies entering a downward spiral, which eventually led to their inability to meet its obligations arising from loans, which resulted in drastic reduction in spending and increase tax burden. In this context, particulary volatile, budgets of EU countries were built by adopting austerity measures which aimed at reducing budgetary allocations. The sovereign debt crisis has led to rethinking strategies to reduce fiscal deficits and reduce arrears.

Transport is considered a priority field in any development context, especially if we take into consideration its interdependence with all other branches of national economy. Development of transports includes improving the road, railroad, river, sea and air services. Once the constant target for each country is reached – meaning the economic increase – we expect the problem of protecting the environment to gather more and more interest, and, of course, the results should be good. But the available statistical data shows that, especially in urban areas, atmospheric pollution represents a problem which has newer and newer dimensions, increasing in size, being a consequence of the urbanisation phenomena. We focused our attention on the main factors responsible for this pollution and we observed that producing energy and transport are its the main sources. We have chosen to concentrate our attention in this paper on the problem of transport, to analyse the link between economic indicators and those related to the evolution of the number of passengers that use public transportation and the number of registered passenger cars, underlining the need to come up with a sustainable transport. To test the relationship between these variables, we use a simple regression model, to show how the GDP influences the two variables, the number of passenger that traveled using mass transit means and the number of registered road vehicles in circulation at the end of the year.

The objective of this article is to study the Romanian economy after 2007 and to identify its main characteristics related to the GDP and unemployment sector. The research starts with a brief theoretical review on Okun's coefficient and presents two approaches identified in the literature, used in the study of Okun's law: the ”firstdifference model” and the „gap model”. In this paperwork we have chosen the second approach on Okun's law to determine the specific of Romanian economy after integration in the European Union. Thus, was performed the quantitative analysis of the two macroeconomic indicators, with the help of the Hodrick-Prescott filter, the output gap and the unemployment gap were calculated, and by empirical analyzing the correlations between them with the help of a single factor regression model, the Okun's law for Romanian economy was obtained. The research results revealed that, in the analyzed period, fiscal and monetary policies were not sufficient to reduce unemployment, therefor other types of policies had to be implemented.

This paper starts from the idea that the key determinants for economic growth can be: smart growth (promoting knowledge, innovation, education and the digital society), sustainable growth (a more competitive production, with a better use of resources) and an economic growth that promotes togetherness (higher workforce participation, acquiring skills and the fight against poverty). I have also considered the fact that economic growth cannot be made at random, but has to consider the characteristics, as well as strong and weak points of the counties that are being analyzed. Notes so far are complemented by the analysis of some benchmarks for the economy of the EU countries (GDP, employment rate of labor, employment rate of dropping school, amount of GDP allocated to Research&Development, human poverty index). EU interest in obtaining long-term prosperity lies in analyzing the factors that contribute to this objective. Evaluation of the benchmarks and factors impacting economic growth highlights the purpose of this paper and its importance for the XXI century society. Proposed strategies involve a thorough research on the current situation in Romania and in the EU and in this case I consider that the economies are intrinsically linked and no member state can effectively address global challenges in an isolated action.

Tax evasion is one of the utmost importanT social - economic phenomena that contemporary states face and whose negative consequences are felt even more on public sector, who is unable to meet the stringent and adequate needs of society. The underground economy, tax evasion and corruption are state of the economy, of the economic and social behavior of individuals. In a market economy, the tax authorities face an acceleration of tax evasion phenomenon, a phenomenon that has proportions increasingly higher due to "temptation" of avoiding the imposition of taxable income more substantial. Tax evasion is characterized by a high imprecision, this phenomenon associating several meanings and assessments regarding the legality. The definition of this phenomenon can be simplified by the following phrase: willful failure by the taxpayers of their tax obligations imposed by tax authorities

This article investigates the causal relationship between GDP and export of Turkey using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Granger causality test based on Toda-Yamamoto Analysis through EViews 7.1. To carry out the present study, the quarterly time series data reported by the OECD were used in the time period of 1980–2012. The results revealed that the series were not stationary.The obtined results concluded that there is a unidirectional causal relationship from the GDP to the export.The current study is expected to provide a better understanding of possible effects of the GDP in a country related to sustainable development in terms of the export. This work could also help in targeting beginner groups in economical society for economical modelling.

Agriculture is a sector of the national economy which may represent a significant contribution to the economic growth if it is quantified properly. In Romania agriculture has declined significantly caused by various reasons. In frame of this study, we will attempt to discern their influence using official statistics. We will try to identify the place and the role of agriculture in Romania's actual economy from the perspective of GDP, investment in agriculture, the employment of this sector activity, because romanian agriculture remains an important sector in terms of view of agricultural area used, the contribution to GDP and, in particular, the percentage of the population employed.

Gene technology, information technologies and logistics are ranked among the most important strategic sectors of 21st century. Particularly, the fact that production and distribution of goods and services are not satisfactory today; has both contributed to development of logistics within the supply chain by creating a value chain throughout the channel and introduced its aspect which supports regional development in economic sense. Logistics today, stands before us as the most important weapon of competitive advantage; and all investments made almost in all areas of logistics, aid regional development in micro scale and national development in macro scale. In the context of economic impact, the effect of logistics on GDP is significant. Logistics, in the same way, effects development and improvement of education, health and all other development related issues in its region through investments and improvements. In this study, firstly regional development is defined then the goals of regional development and the role and effects of logistics in regional development are presented.

All resources available to a certain point in time (both physical and economic sense and financial sense) are highlighted by the nation's wealth, in the very limited sense, is a stock. Given that the stock of physical resources (infrastructure, natural resources, capital invested in enterprises, technical knowledge and training of the population) is very difficult to measure, are always references but not a stock at a flow: the flow of goods and services produced in a given year by a country, just what we call gross domestic product GDP (gross domestic product). Economic growth and thus real convergence, both at national and regional level are assessed based on the development processes of gross domestic product.Socio-economic development of South-West Oltenia Region and parts of five counties must take into account national development priorities established by the National Development Plan and the strategic guidelines and EU Integrated Guidelines for Growth and jobs. In an attempt to define the basic problems is very important to take into account and consider the existence of situations of discrimination and promoting equal opportunities for men and women, young and old, the majority and ethnic minorities, while paying attention needs of disabled persons for their economic and social integration.

This paper aims to examine the causal relationship between GDP and final consumption. The authors used linear regression model in which GDP is considered variable results, and final consumption variable factor. In drafting article we used Excel software application that is a modern computing and statistical data analysis.