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Resumen: Introducción: La sacroileítis piógena (SIP) es una entidad infrecuente que representa del 1 al 2% del total de las infecciones articulares en la edad pediátrica. Su diagnóstico a menudo se complica y retrasa debido a la inespecificidad de sus síntomas, signos y exploración física. Además, la identificación microbiológica puede resultar difícil debido a la alta proporción de hemocultivos negativos y los riesgos implicados en la aspiración de líquido articular en esta localización. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes menores de 18 años ingresados en un hospital infantil terciario con SIP en el período 2008-2016. Resultados: Se identificaron 6 casos de SIP en niños. Los hemocultivos fueron negativos, y la identificación del agente etiológico requirió aspiración de líquido sinovial en un paciente con infección por Aggregatibacter aphrophilus y pruebas específicas para la detección de agentes menos frecuentes en los pacientes restantes: Kingella kingae (n = 2), Brucella melitensis (n = 1) y Bartonella henselae (n = 1). Los pacientes recibieron regímenes de antibioterapia específica, y todos presentaron una evolución favorable y libre de secuelas durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: A pesar del reducido tamaño muestral, nuestro estudio puso de relieve la baja efectividad del hemocultivo en el diagnóstico de la SIP pediátrica. También evidenció la necesidad de mantener un elevado índice de sospecha de los agentes atípicos y de emplear precozmente métodos diagnósticos apropiados, como las pruebas de imagen y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en muestras de sangre, así como la prescripción de antibioterapia efectiva. Abstract: Introduction: Pyogenic sacroiliitis (PSI) is a rare condition that amounts to 1% to 2% of all joint infections in the paediatric age group. Its diagnosis is often difficult and delayed due to its nonspecific signs, symptoms and physical findings. Also, the identification of the causative microorganism is frequently challenging due to a high proportion of negative blood cultures and the risks involved in joint aspiration in this site. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective review of the health records of all patients aged less than 18 years admitted to a tertiary children's hospital due to PSI between 2008 and 2016. Results: We identified 6 cases of paediatric PSI. The blood cultures were negative, and the identification of the causative agent required joint fluid aspiration in one patient with infection by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, and specific screening tests for less frequent agents in the other patients: Kingella kingae (n = 2), Brucella melitensis (n = 1) and Bartonella henselae (n = 1). The patients were treated with specific antimicrobial regimens, and all had favourable clinical outcomes and were free from sequelae during the follow-up. Conclusions: Despite the small sample size, our study evinced the low effectiveness of blood cultures for diagnosis of paediatric PSI. It also highlights the need for a high level of suspicion for atypical agents and the early use of adequate diagnostic methods, including imaging and serological testing or polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) analysis of blood samples, as well as prescription of effective antimicrobial therapy.

Introduction: Despite the current trend toward less aggressive therapeutic approaches, acute haematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) continues to be a challenge and is associated with significant morbidity worldwide. Our aim was to assess whether compliance with the current protocol was achieved in 80% of cases, to identify complications and the associated risk factors, and to analyse trends in the aetiology and management of AHO in the paediatric population. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal, observational, single-centre study in patients with AHO aged less than 18 years admitted to a paediatric hospital between 2008 and 2018 divided in 2 cohorts (before and after 2014). We analysed data concerning demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes. Results: The study included 71 children with AHO, 56% male, with a median age of 3 years (interquartile range, 1-11). We found a 1.8-fold increase of cases in the last 5 years. The causative agent was identified in 37% of cases: MSSA (54%), MRSA (4%), S. pyogenes (19%), K. kingae (12%), S. pneumoniae (8%), and N. meningitidis (4%). Complications were identified in 45% of patients and sequelae in 3.6%. In recent years, there was an increase in myositis (30% vs 7%; P=.02), septic arthritis (68 vs 37.2%; p=0.012) and in the proportion of patients treated for less than 4 weeks (37 vs 3.5%; p=0.012), with a similar sequelae rates. The risk factors associated with complications were age 3 or more years, C-reactive protein levels of 20mg/L or higher, time elapsed between onset and admission of 5 or more days and positive culture, although the only factor that continued to be significantly associated in the multivariate analysis was positive culture. The presence of complications was a risk factor for sequelae at 6 months. Conclusions: Our study confirms that AHO can be aggressive. The identification of risk factors for complications is essential for management. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion