1. Repeated double cross-validation applied to the PCA-LDA classification of SERS spectra: a case study with serum samples from hepatocellular carcinoma patients
- Author
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Claudio Tiribelli, Elisa Gurian, Valter Sergo, Devis Pascut, Elisa Mitri, Lory Saveria Crocè, Mauro Giuffrè, Alessia Di Silvestre, Alois Bonifacio, Gurian, E., Di Silvestre, A., Mitri, E., Pascut, D., Tiribelli, C., Giuffre, M., Croce, L. S., Sergo, V., and Bonifacio, A.
- Subjects
Serum ,Male ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,PCA-LDA ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,Spectrum Analysis, Raman ,Biochemistry ,Spectral line ,Cross-validation ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Principal Component Analysi ,medicine ,Humans ,Raman ,Hypoxanthine ,Aged ,Double cross-validation ,SERS ,Discriminant Analysis ,Liver Neoplasms ,Middle Aged ,Principal Component Analysis ,Chromatography ,Spectrum Analysis ,Carcinoma ,Hepatocellular ,medicine.disease ,Linear discriminant analysis ,chemistry ,Ergothioneine ,Liver Neoplasm ,Principal component analysis ,Uric acid ,Discriminant Analysi ,Human ,Research Paper - Abstract
Intense label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of serum samples were rapidly obtained on Ag plasmonic paper substrates upon 785 nm excitation. Spectra from the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients showed consistent differences with respect to those of the control group. In particular, uric acid was found to be relatively more abundant in patients, while hypoxanthine, ergothioneine, and glutathione were found as relatively more abundant in the control group. A repeated double cross-validation (RDCV) strategy was applied to optimize and validate principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) models. An analysis of the RDCV results indicated that a PCA-LDA model using up to the first four principal components has a good classification performance (average accuracy was 81%). The analysis also allowed confidence intervals to be calculated for the figures of merit, and the principal components used by the LDA to be interpreted in terms of metabolites, confirming that bands of uric acid, hypoxanthine, ergothioneine, and glutathione were indeed used by the PCA-LDA algorithm to classify the spectra. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-020-03093-7.
- Published
- 2020