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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.007 Byline: Carlos A. Botero, Jimena M. Riveros, Sandra L. Vehrencamp Abstract: It has been suggested that individual recognition based on song may be constrained by repertoire size in songbirds with very large song repertoires. This hypothesis has been difficult to test because there are few studies on species with very large repertoires and because traditional experiments based on the dear enemy effect do not provide evidence against recognition. The tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus, is a cooperative breeder with very large song repertoires and stable territorial neighbourhoods. The social system of this species allowed us to test individual recognition based on song independently from the dear enemy effect by evaluating male response to playback of strangers, neighbours (from shared and unshared boundaries), co-males (i.e. other males in the same social group) and own songs. Although subjects did not show a dear enemy effect, they were less aggressive to co-males than to all other singers. Our results suggest that recognition in tropical mockingbirds (1) does not simply distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar singers, (2) requires a small sample of both songs and song types, (3) does not rely on individual-specific sequences of song types and (4) is not likely to rely on group-specific vocal signatures potentially available in cooperatively breeding groups. We conclude that this is a case of true recognition and we suggest that the lack of a dear enemy effect in this and other species with large repertoires may relate to the role of song in mate attraction and the perception of neighbours as a threat to future paternity. Author Affiliation: (a) Laboratory of Ornithology and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University (a ) Instituto de Investigacion en Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia (a ) Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia Article History: Received 20 July 2006; Revised 7 September 2006; Accepted 10 October 2006 Article Note: (miscellaneous) MS. number: A10518R