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Dams contribute to declines in fish abundance, in part, by blocking access to historical habitat. When fish ladders are infeasible, fish can be trapped below a dam and transported above to provide access to habitat. However, this conservation strategy has received little attention in the literature, and many questions regarding efficacy remain unanswered. Here, we used a genetic parentage approach to evaluate cohort replacement rate (CRR), defined as the number of future spawners produced by a spawner, for a spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha trap and transport reintroduction program. We used CRRs to determine if the population can sustain itself in the absence of immigration, which is important when assessing demographic viability. We also evaluated the effects of release locations and dates on the fitness of reintroduced fish. Counts of adult offspring per spawner were used to estimate fitness of salmon reintroduced in 2007 and 2008. We found that fitness decreased slightly as adults were released later in the spawning season in 2007, but not in 2008. Release location did not affect fitness in either year. We also found a seasonal decline in the likelihood that a Chinook salmon collected at the trap and transport facility was produced above the dam. Finally, 2007 and 2008 CRRs were both well below one, indicating that improvements are needed to achieve demographic stability. We demonstrate that genetic monitoring of a reintroduction program helped to inform demographic viability assessments, and suggest that our approach may be broadly applicable to other philopatric species.