Search

Simple Summary: With the increasing demand for aquaculture, the resource of high-quality traditional protein (such as fishmeal) becomes limited, and plant ingredients are often used as substitutes for fishmeal because of their low price and wide availability. However, plant proteins are usually deficient in certain essential amino acids (EAAs), which adversely affects the growth performance of aquatic animals. Lysine is generally the first limiting amino acid in plant protein ingredients used to formulate the aquafeed, and it plays an important role in physiological processes including antioxidant, differentiation, growth, immunity, and reduction of nitrogen emission. In this study, the effects of dietary graded L-lysine concentrations on the growth, proximate composition, and AA (amino acid) profile of coho salmon alevins were evaluated by a feeding trial. The results showed that an adequate dietary lysine level significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), body protein deposition (BPD), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The dietary optimum L-lysine requirements for coho salmon alevins were 3.74%, 3.73%, 3.91%, and 3.77% of the diet or 6.80%, 6.78%, 7.11%, and 6.85% of dietary proteins against the SGR, PER, BPD, and FCR, respectively. The suitable dietary L-lysine concentration for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins was assessed by a dose response feeding trial. Six experimental diets were made with graded L-lysine concentrations of 2.29%, 2.81%, 3.32%, 3.80%, 4.27%, and 4.78% of the dry matter, respectively, each of which was fed to triplicate groups of 100 alevins (initial body weight: 0.30 ± 0.01 g) in 18 plastic baskets (water volume 240 L). The alevins were cultured in a flowing freshwater system and fed manually to apparent satiation four times a day for 12 weeks. The survival rate of alevins did not differ significantly among the dietary groups. The specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and body protein deposition (BPD) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in dietary lysine concentration up to 3.80% and then reduced as lysine level further increased. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) had an inverse trend to SGR. The whole-body crude protein content of the alevins increased significantly with increasing dietary lysine level, while crude lipid content showed the opposite trend. In comparison, the contents of morphological indices, whole-body moisture, and ash were not affected significantly (p > 0.05) by the different dietary lysine concentrations. The highest contents of lysine, arginine, and total essential amino acids (EAAs) were observed in the group with 4.27% dietary lysine concentration, which did not differ significantly from those in the 3.32%, 3.80%, and 4.78% groups but was significantly higher than those in the 2.29% and 2.81% groups. Similarly, valine had the highest content in the group with 4.78%. The variations in dietary lysine had no significant impacts on other EAA and non-EAA contents except glycine, which increased with increasing dietary lysine level. Second-order polynomial model analyses based on SGR, PER, BPD, and FCR evaluated the optimum L-lysine requirements of coho salmon alevins as 3.74%, 3.73%, 3.91%, and 3.77% of the diet or 6.80%, 6.78%, 7.11%, and 6.85% of dietary proteins, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As an excellent but most expensive source of protein, fish meal (FM) is commonly used in 30–60% of the aquafeed for salmon fish species including coho salmon. However, the high cost and unstable supply of FM led it no longer to be considered as a sustainable protein source for aquafeeds. Accordingly, alternative protein sources with low cost and high availability have become a research hotspot in aquafeed for carnivorous species. Poultry by-product meal (PBPM), one of the rendered animal protein sources, can be used as protein substitute of FM in aquafeed due to its economical availability and high protein content and growth promotion effects in comparison to plant proteins. Until now, little information has been available on evaluating the effects of replacing FM by animal proteins including PBPM for coho salmon. In this study, the effects of PBPM instead of FM on growth, muscle composition, and tissue biochemical indexes of coho salmon were investigated. The results showed that the growth performance, feed utilization, muscle composition, serum biochemical indices, and liver antioxidant enzyme activities of coho salmon were negatively affected by high dietary inclusion level of PBPMs, and the optimum substitution level was evaluated based on the specific growth rate (SGR). The present study evaluated the effects of partially substituting fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBPM) on the growth, muscle composition, and tissue biochemical parameters of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts. Five isonitrogenous (7.45% nitrogen) and isoenergetic (18.61 MJ/kg gross energy) experimental diets were made by substituting 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% FM protein with PBPM protein, which were designated accordingly as PBPM0 (the control), PBPM10, PBPM20, PBPM40, and PBPM60, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicates of ten post-smolts (initial individual body weight, 180.13 ± 1.32 g) in three floating cages three times daily (6:50, 11:50, and 16:50) to apparent satiation for 84 days. Both specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the control, PBPM10, and PBPM20 groups, which were remarkably (p < 0.05) higher than those of the PBPM40 and PBPM60 groups. Feed conversion ratio varied inversely with SGR. The PBPM replacement had no remarkable effects on the morphological indices and proximal muscle components. The control and PBPM10 groups led to significantly higher muscle contents of leucine, lysine, and methionine than groups of higher PBPM inclusion. The groups of PBPM40 and PBPM60 obtained significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities than the control and low PBPM inclusion groups. The control group had significantly higher albumin and total cholesterol contents than the groups with PBPM inclusion. The control group had significantly higher triglycerides content than the PBPM60 group. The PBPM60 group had significantly lower contents of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total protein than the control and PBPM10 groups. The high PBPM replacement level up to 40% and 60% had adverse effects on hepatic malondialdehyde levels. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were not affected by low PBPM inclusion, but significantly decreased in high-PBPM-inclusion groups. Based on broken-line regression analysis of SGR and PER, the optimum dietary PBPM replacing level was evaluated to be 16.63–17.50% of FM protein for coho salmon post-smolts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As one of the essential mineral elements, manganese (Mn) is involved in maintaining the growth and physiological function of fish species. An optimal dietary level of manganese accelerated the growth, lipid metabolism, Mn accumulation, and antioxidant capacity of coho salmon. The dietary Mn requirement for post-larvae coho salmon was 17.35 mg kg−1 and 19.75 mg kg−1 according to the SGR and FCR, respectively. An optimal dietary level of manganese had a positive effect on the antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals in fish bodies. In addition, dietary Mn improved lipid metabolism, and the signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/mTOR may be involved in regulating the activity of lipid metabolism enzymes. In this study, post-larval coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (initial weight 0.37 ± 0.03 g) were fed with 6 experimental diets with increasing manganese (Mn) content (2.4, 8.5, 14.8, 19.8, 24.6, and 33.7 mg kg−1) for 12 weeks. Our results indicated that the feed conversion rate (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), crude protein, moisture, crude lipid, ash, whole-body Mn, and vertebral Mn were affected by the elevation of Mn content in the diet. The activities of hepatic GSH-PX, Mn-SOD, and CAT were enhanced with increasing Mn content in the diet and reached the highest value at 19.8 mg kg−1 Mn. However, the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2·−), and malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced with increasing Mn content in the diet. In addition, the activity of hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was increased with the elevation of dietary Mn content and reached a peak value at 14.8 mg kg−1 Mn. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and the content of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were increased following the elevation of Mn content from 2.4 to 19.8 mg kg−1 in the diet. The results indicated that the appropriate dietary Mn supplementation improved the feeding efficiency, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of coho salmon. The dietary Mn requirement for post-larval coho salmon was 17.35 mg kg−1 and 19.75 mg kg−1 based on the SGR and FCR, respectively. An optimal dietary level of Mn enhances hepatic lipid metabolism, and the signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/mTOR may be involved in regulating the activity of enzymes related to lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Fish meal has been the main aquatic feed protein source for aquaculture. However, global fish meal is lacking, and the price of fish meal continues to rise, which has been unable to meet the needs. Soybean meal is currently recognized as the best choice to replace fish meal in aquatic feed, but soybean meal contains anti-nutritional factors which can affect the health of aquatic animals. Microbial fermentation is a commonly used biological method for treating soybean meal antigens and palatability. In this study, juvenile coho salmon were fed a diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation for 12 weeks. The results indicated that the diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation could significantly (p < 0.05) influence the expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 genes, the growth performance, the serum biochemical indices, and the activity of antioxidant and immunity enzymes. This study aims to investigate the effects of partial dietary replacement of fish meal with unfermented and/or fermented soybean meal (fermented by Bacillus cereus) supplemented on the growth performance, whole-body composition, antioxidant and immunity capacity, and their related gene expression of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four groups of juveniles (initial weight 159.63 ± 9.54 g) at 6 months of age in triplicate were fed for 12 weeks on four different iso-nitrogen (about 41% dietary protein) and iso-lipid (about 15% dietary lipid) experimental diets. The main results were: Compared with the control diet, the diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation can significantly (p < 0.05) influence the expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 genes, the growth performance, the serum biochemical indices, and the activity of antioxidant and immunity enzymes. However, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the survival rate (SR) and whole-body composition in the juveniles among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation could significantly increase the growth performance, antioxidant and immunity capacity, and their related gene expression of juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In China, coho salmon is becoming an increasing farming species in recent years. Thus, full understanding of the fatty acid requirements of coho salmon is particularly relevant, especially during the larval stage, since they need high-energy demands and rapid lipid metabolism. As a vital essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (18:2n-6) also plays an important role in the larval stage due to the production of longer-chained and more essential highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). However, there is a lack of knowledge about the dietary linoleic acid (18:2n-6) requirement for this fish species. In this study, six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain different dietary linoleic acids (18:2n-6) by increasing corn oil at the expense of coconut oil to study the growth performance, fatty acid profile, and hepatic lipid metabolism enzymes of coho salmon alevins. The results showed that the dietary linoleic acid (18:2n-6) affected the growth performance, muscle fatty acid profile, and hepatic lipid metabolism enzyme activities of coho salmon, and determined the optimal demand of linoleic acid based on the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A 12-week feeding trial aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism enzyme activities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins. Six experimental diets (47% crude protein and 15% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded LA levels of 0.11%, 0.74%, 1.37%, 2.00%, 2.63%, and 3.26%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 50 alevins with an initial body weight of 0.364 ± 0.002 g, which were randomly assigned to 18 white plastic tanks (0.8 × 0.6 × 0.6 m, 240 L/tank). Fish were reared in a freshwater flow-through rearing system and fed to apparent satiation four times daily. The survival rate was not significantly different among the treatments (p > 0.05). However, the 1.37% LA group significantly improved the final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.05) of alevins. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1.37% LA group was significantly lower than those in other groups (p < 0.05). The whole-body lipid content significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with dietary LA levels increasing from 0.74% to 2.00%. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid in muscle was closely correlated with those in the diets. The dietary LA level of 1.37% led to significantly higher activities of liver lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) than those of other groups (p < 0.05). Hepatic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) decreased with the increase in the dietary LA levels from 0.11% to 1.37%. The lowest MDH and FAS activities were obtained in the 1.37% LA group (p < 0.05). This study indicated that an appropriate amount of dietary LA was beneficial for the growth and lipid metabolism of coho salmon alevins, and the results of the quadratic regression analysis of the SGR and FCR indicated that the optimal dietary LA requirements were 1.25% and 1.23% for coho salmon alevins, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]