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Résumé Première femme médecin-psychiatre à avoir eu, bien avant les années 1920, une expérience et un contact direct avec l’institution psychiatrique à Vienne, puis à Berlin, Helene Deutsch a ensuite entrepris une formation psychanalytique suivie de fonctions psychanalytiques institutionnelles à Vienne, puis – à partir des années 1934 – à Boston. Elle a produit une œuvre riche et controversée qui anime encore les débats sur le féminin, la personnalité, la maternité, l’érotisme dans la psychanalyse et la sociologie contemporaines. First woman who as psychiatric practitioner before 1920, Helene Deutsch began her career in psychiatric institution in Vienne and Berlin. She trained further in psychoanalysis first in Vienne, and in Boston. She also developed formal training for therapists and analysts. She also wrote several famous papers on female sexuality and about women's psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Introduction Le terrorisme suicide est la forme la plus meurtrière de terrorisme. C’est la seule forme de combat où l’attaquant envisage des actions extrêmes dans lesquelles il ne prévoit pas de survivre à la mission. Le mode opératoire adopté est difficilement explicable, car l’attaquant décide avec détermination de se suicider en même temps qu’il décide de tuer. Objectif et méthodes Notre travail propose une revue de la littérature théorique existante afin d’examiner le profil psychopathologique du terroriste suicidaire. Résultats Peu d’études formelles ont été publiées sur la psychopathologie des terroristes suicidaires, avec des résultats mitigés. Différentes études sur le sujet ont conclu qu’il n’existe aucun attribut psychologique particulier pouvant décrire une « personnalité terroriste ». D’après certains auteurs, les terroristes suicidaires sont dotés d’une santé mentale solide et n’ont pas de passé criminel. En effet, les recruteurs de futures bombes humaines écarteraient d’emblée les personnes d’allure mentalement instables. Cependant, cela a été contredit par d’autres études montrant qu’un grand nombre de kamikazes que la police avait arrêtés après échecs de leurs attentats suicides étaient mentalement déséquilibrés ou cognitivement déficients. Plusieurs études ont affirmé que les terroristes suicidaires ne sont pas en réalité suicidaires. Mais il n’y a aucune preuve, étant donné l’absence d’utilisation d’outils d’évaluation structurés et systématiques. Conclusion La genèse du terroriste suicidaire semble être multifactorielle. L’étude du profil psychopathologique des terroristes suicidaires devrait avoir des implications cliniques et préventives. Background Suicide terrorism is a deadly practice which appears to be rising across the globe. Interest in understanding its motivations and its psychological underpinnings has increased in recent years. In fact, the recent increase in suicide terrorism posed new challenges to mental health professionals who need to better understand this terrifying phenomenon, to implement intervention strategies that are effective. Our purpose was to explain why particular individuals become willing to die as suicide bombers. Materials and methods This paper reviews the worldwide literature on motivations and psychology of suicide terrorism. Results It is difficult to identify an understanding of what motivates a suicide bomber. Researchers have argued that most suicide bombers are psychologically normal and are deeply integrated into social networks. Participation in suicide bombing seems to be motivated by a wide range of factors. Contrary to the common assumption that suicide terrorism is committed by religious fanatics, suicide bombers are politically-motivated individuals. Several authors claim that suicide terrorism has a range of characteristics which are shown to be very different from ordinary suicidal behavior. Suicidal symptoms and suicidal intent are completely absent in suicide terrorists. A number of authors claim that the causes of suicide bombings lie not in individual psychopathology but in broader social conditions. Conclusions Psychiatry has a valuable role in understanding the group and individual processes which contribute to terrorist attacks. Methods developed by suicidologists, such as the psychological autopsy technique, could be an important tool in the study of suicide terrorists, and may ultimately contribute to the prevention of future attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les récents attentats et tentatives d’attentats sur le sol français, liés à la mouvance islamiste, ont amené les auteurs de cet article à se questionner sur ce qui peut pousser une personne à choisir le chemin de la lutte armée dans le cadre de croyances religieuses détournées. Ils se sont appuyés sur une revue internationale de la littérature psychologique et psychiatrique afin de tenter de dégager les processus explicatifs sous-tendant le processus d’adhésion à une idéologie radicale et le basculements d’individus dans le terrorisme. Les auteurs se sont focalisés sur trois axes principaux : une présentation générale du terrorisme et de ses liens éventuels avec la psychiatrie et la psychopathologie ; la figure du « loup solitaire », mais aussi des cellules terroristes organisées responsables d’action mieux coordonnées ; les données pouvant être utilisables sur un plan pratique par les enquêteurs chargés des investigations et des interrogatoires. Ils rappellent pour terminer les grands principes de la prise en charge des terroristes dans les processus de « déradicalisation » par le biais de protocoles visant à réinstituer un sentiment individuel positif d’existence. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, il est apparu que la psychopathologie ne pouvait expliquer les actions les plus préparées et les mieux organisées et que ce n’était que dans la figure du loup solitaire que l’on pouvait souvent trouver des troubles graves de nature psychiatrique. Chez les « recrutés » pour le djihad et chez les auteurs d’actes terroristes, on observe néanmoins une dimension fonctionnelle paranoïaque dans la vision du monde ainsi qu’un état d’insatisfaction existentielle. Ces individus trouvent dans l’idéologie extrémiste proposée une spiritualité qui rassure et donne du sens à leur vie. Objectives This paper intended to offer a broad literature review on global Jihad terrorism. In the wake of recent terrorist attacks that stroke Paris twice in 2015, and the numerous defused plots this year, the authors sought to determine if there is a way to get a better understanding of the radicalization process. How individuals could become radicalized to the point of engaging into violent actions and suicide missions and is there any underlying psychopathology? The authors focused on two types of terrorists: lone wolves and those acting as part of a group. We will explain that psychopathology could not be linked with the “group” type. We will discuss some aspects of the psychological mechanisms involved into the group dynamics that bond individuals towards this (self-) destructive goal, but also how law enforcement officers should be prepared to counter-interrogation techniques spread amongst members of organized cells. Finally, we will see how a deradicalization process might take place. Methods The authors relied on a broad literature review in order to address the issues mentioned above. Mainly for two reasons, the first one being that most of suicide mission leaves no author to interview or to assess; second, access to highly sensitive cases of terrorism is not possible unless being involved within the judicial process such as psychological or psychiatric assessments of survivors or members of a dismantled cell, but data then could not be used for publication, these are the reasons why the authors used open source data and international articles and books dealing with the topic of global Jihad. Results As noticed by Hoffman, the term « terrorism » comes from the French “(Régime de) Terreur” and implies a political goal, the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as “A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted; employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition of being terrorized”. From the mid-1990s during which France was already hit by terrorism, through the 9/11 to the recent attacks of November, the aspect of the “global Jihad” evolved and the attacks that took place in Paris and also worldwide in 2015, claimed by Daech bring some points to be taken into consideration when dealing with this type of terrorism. First, the will to die and to gain martyrdom, which is not considered as a suicide, is central for an understanding of this morbid process. Most of the terrorists seem to be looking for a greater-than-themselves cause that they could embrace, and the ideology offered by Daech correspond to an “epic” vision of the world. This view serves as an encompassing model in which the reality is perceived through a “us versus them” prism that possesses a paranoid tone. Second, some strategic considerations, which will not be developed here, why France has been more specifically targeted? The development of “homegrown” terrorists, as Sageman noted it in 2006 and the rise of ISIL (Daech) from 2010 and the instauration of a Caliphat as a base and training ground offered to the new recruits had created a fertile soil for jihad motivated attacks. Through this extensive literature review the authors found that, contrary to the “lone wolf” figure in which psychopathology and psychiatric symptoms could often easily be found, members of organized terrorist cells are not “insane”, they are very much dedicated to a cause but are not suffering from any psychosis or bipolar disorders. Exploring the ideas developed by Sageman, Moghaddam amongst others, the authors underline the slow process for developing and sharing radical beliefs but also that taking part to violent actions could be faster than imagined by a layman and is regularly a matter of networking through friendship and kinship. Thus, group psychology is of peculiar importance to understand the mechanisms at stake. It appears that radicalization is grounded on a vacuum of existential significance and by an ascending process, through the sharing of an ideology prone to violent actions, leads individuals to engage in terrorist goals for a collective one, greater than them. The authors then focused on some interrogatory techniques developed by foreign law enforcement agencies. And finally, what could be done to reverse this radicalization process, basically reintegrating a sense of individualistic needs and addressing the radical beliefs with a religious teaching. It should be noted that this last part is at the very beginning of its experimentation in Europe and that it might not be used for every individual involved in terrorism (e.g., it could be proven efficient with people that has been radicalized, but not efficient with individual on the brink of violent terrorist actions). The central need to counter radicalization is a social one, a project of society shared by everyone, as it seems clear that the sense of alienation and exclusion from the working environment and positive social perspectives is a strong leverage, but not the only one, used by jihadist recruiters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The objective of this paper is to analyze the perverse psychological functioning. The author starts by a reminder of the difference between perversion and perverse psychological functioning. Then, he proposes to approach the subject from an ethological and ecological framework: By distinguishing the meaning between a behavior and its function, it appears that control of territory and social rank are observable perverse skills. The psychoanalytic propositions are also discussed. The propositions of this study have some similarities with Freudian metapsychology (particularly the concept of cleavage) but also a major difference: According to the author, the pleasure principle that is automatically assigned to the pervert need to be revisited. Patients and methods: This theoretical contribution is based on clinical practice in prison (one of the few places where a pervert is encountered in a clinical setting). We propose a three-arguments based method for understanding the adaptive dimension of perverse psychological functioning. First argument: The first view is the model of depression and social rank according to evolutionary psychology. According to the author, the pervert has high skills to assess his Social Attention Holding Potential (SAHP). Furthermore, he is an expert in mastering human territory. Second argument: The pervert seems opposed to the schizophrenic patient for the perception of salient stimuli that are a source of social information. The theory of salience syndrome (following the social neurocognition) makes it possible to conceptualize the excellent perception''s skills of the perverse subject. Third argument: Phenomenological philosophy studies the concept of intuition (as opposed to intelligence). Again, this psychological dimension should be regarded as very well controlled by the perverse subject. Results: When we analyze these results, we note a social “hyperadaptation” of these patients. But we have to note that there are moments (short but important) of mismatch and maladjustment. These “perverse moments” are very important to be observed and regarded as a pathognomonic symptomatology of the perverse functioning. This fact probably distinguishes the “leader” from the “pervert”. The specificity of the perverse functioning should be viewed as a continuum of adaptation along which an individual may pass from “hyperadaptation” on the one hand, to moments of failures and mis-adapting on the other hand. Conclusions: The pervert is well adapted to his social environment and is a specialist in relationship and “territorialization”. He has excellent perception''s skills and relational intuition. But in the other hand there are specific moments for which ones the “mis-adapting” is totally complete. This entity requests a specific diagnostic category. This acknowledgment would facilitate research and studies on this type of psychological functioning. But it is probably difficult to have a nomothetic knowledge about the perverse personality. Indeed, some elements such as the limited number of subjects who accept to be evaluated, their elusive logic, their tendency to refuse to cooperate in a study if there are no benefits represent some obstacles. These arguments force us to have a non-conventional research method even though there is not a lack of a nosographic entity. Finally, we note that a perverse psychological functioning is complex to identify, partly because it requires time as well as an observation framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: After five decades of research, an initial consensus on a general taxonomy of personality traits, the “Big Five” personality dimensions, is nowadays largely accepted. These dimensions do not represent a particular theoretical perspective but were derived from factor analyses of the natural-language terms people use to describe themselves and others. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) does not use single adjectives as items because such items are answered less consistently than when they are accompanied by definitions or elaboration. It uses 44 short phrases based on the trait adjectives known to be prototypical markers of the Big Five. The Big Five have been most typically labeled E (Extraversion, Energy, Enthusiasm), A (Agreeableness, Altruism, Affection), C (Conscientiousness, Constraint, Control of impulse), N (Neuroticism, Negative affectivity, Nervousness), and O (Openness, Originality, Open-mindedness). The BFI has been translated and validated in different languages. The development was done in such a way that they resembled as closely as possible the original English version, both in psychological meanings and psychometric properties. Objectives: The goal of this paper is to present the validation process of the French BFI (BFI-Fr) on a large student sample to verify psychometric properties, including factor structure and internal reliability and to show that the scales possess the necessary convergent and discriminant validity with the NEO personality inventory, revised (NEO-PI-R). Study 1: Internal consistency and intercultural comparison. Materials and method: Two thousand four hundred and ninety-nine students were included (women 69%; mean age 20.2 years old, S.D.=2.21, between 15 and 46 years). The 45 items of the BFI-Fr were filled out anonymously by the students at the university. Results and discussion: A factorial analysis using principal components was performed on the student answers (raw data) and resulted in a five-factor varimax-rotated solution that was easily verified as the expected five dimensions E, A, C, N, and O, which explained 42% of the total variance. Cronbach''s alpha coefficients which measure the internal coherence were respectively: 0.82, 0.75, 0.80, 0.82, and 0.74. This factorial analysis represents a very good replication of the American BFI. The mean internal consistency (0.79) is excellent, providing clear evidence of the psychometric qualities of the tool (internal validity). Normality of the distribution factors was verified before comparing the scores of French students with those of American and Spanish students. Mean scores and standard deviations were very similar in the three countries. As in previous research, gender differences in personality were found: females had higher scores (p <0.001) for N, A, and C. Study 2: convergent and discriminant validation with the NEO-PI-R. The goal of study 2 was to compare the BFI-Fr with the NEO-PI-R. Materials and method: Three hundred and sixty students (women 55%, mean age 21.1 years, S.D.=2.30, between 18.3 and 45.5) were included. In the same session, they completed both the BFI-Fr and the French NEO-PI-R. Results and discussion: Internal consistencies of the five personality dimensions were comparable for the BFI and the NEO-PI-R. Correlations between the corresponding pairs were all high (mean=0.74) and significant (p <0.001). These results provide evidence of the convergent validity of the BFI-Fr. Discriminant validity was excellent, with correlations between the other scales much lower than the convergent correlations, averaging only 0.14. General discussion and conclusion: All three studies demonstrate that the BFI-Fr is a valid, powerful yet very efficient tool, as are the original English version and the other translations. The much longer NEO-PI-R remains the instrument of choice. Psychiatrists, psychologists, and researchers can now make use of another inventory in French to measure the Big Five which has the advantages of being simple, robust, reliable, and economical (5 to 10min to complete). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this comparative paper, the author has studied similarities and differences between the personalities and works of two of Roussillon''s sons: Valentin Magnan and Henri Ey who dominated French psychiatry and whose influence was international during 19th and 20th centuries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]