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This article explains the complex and opaque pricing structure of drugs in the United States; how it exposes patients to higher out-of-pocket payments, including for drugs such as insulin; and policy changes that may offer relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prices patients pay for brand-name medications are rising faster than many other medical care costs. Some observers claim that the business practices of pharmaceutical benefit managers are partly responsible. How the process works is complicated, and this article explains what is happening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Background: i In March 2019, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services proposed a rule to support access, exchange, and use of electronic health information ([1]). Given that several types of PHI can be compromised in a breach, the 186 breaches involving sensitive financial information and the 964 breaches involving sensitive demographic information represented 1042 unique breaches. [Extracted from the article]