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We prove that a finitely generated group is context-free whenever its Cayley-graph has a decidable monadic second-order theory. Hence, by the seminal work of Muller and Schupp, our result gives a logical characterization of context-free groups and also proves a conjecture of Schupp. To derive this result, we investigate general graphs and show that a graph of bounded degree with a high degree of symmetry is context-free whenever its monadic second-order theory is decidable. Further, it is shown that the word problem of a finitely generated group is decidable if and only if the first-order theory of its Cayley-graph is decidable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The main result of this paper states that the isomorphism problem for ω-automatic trees of finite height is at least has hard as second-order arithmetic and therefore not analytical. This strengthens a recent result by Hjorth, Khoussainov, Montalbán, and Nies (2008) [12] showing that the isomorphism problem for ω-automatic structures is not in . Moreover, assuming the continuum hypothesis CH, we can show that the isomorphism problem for ω-automatic trees of finite height is recursively equivalent with second-order arithmetic. On the way to our main results, we show lower and upper bounds for the isomorphism problem for ω-automatic trees of every finite height: (i) It is decidable (-complete, resp.), for height 1 (2, resp.), (ii) -hard and in for height 3, and (iii) - and -hard and in (assuming CH) for height . All proofs are elementary and do not rely on theorems from set theory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]