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To determine the association between SAO workforce and mortality from emergent surgical and obstetric conditions within US HRRs.SAO workforce per capita has been identified as a core metric of surgical capacity by the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, but its utility has not been assessed at the subnational level for a high-income country.The number of practicing surgeons, anesthesiologists, and obstetricians per capita was estimated for all HRRs using the US Health ResourcesServices Administration Area Health Resource File Database. Deaths due to emergent general surgical and obstetric conditions were determined from the CDC WONDER database. We utilized B-spline quantile regression to model the relationship between SAO workforce and emergent surgical mortality at different quantiles of mortality and calculated the expected change in mortality associated with increases in SAO workforce.The median SAO workforce across all HRRs was 74.2 per 100,000 population (interquartile range 33.3-241.0). All HRRs met the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery lower target of 20 SAO per 100,000, and 97.7% met the upper target of 40 per 100,000. Nearly 2.8 million Americans lived in HRRs with fewer than 40 SAO per 100,000. Increases in SAO workforce were associated with decreases in surgical mortality in HRRs with high mortality, with minimal additional decreases in mortality above 60 to 80 SAO per 100,000.Increasing SAO workforce capacity may reduce emergent surgical and obstetric mortality in regions with high surgical mortality but diminishing returns may be seen above 60 to 80 SAO per 100,000.Trial Registration: N/A.