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Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

Detailed information on coal transportation is a necessary and important element of energy policy formulation. At the intrastate scale comprehensive information is often difficult to collect because of industrial confidentiality. In order to test the accuracy of publically available data, origin-destination movements of utility coal are estimated for Pennsylvania, using a maximum-entropy model of spatial interaction. A series of models is evaluated incorporating assumptions on transportation cost and mode, connectivity of origins and destinations, and coal properties. The inclusion of contract arrangements through restricted connectivity produces the greatest improvement in estimated flows. Attempts to specify a general cost function by the addition of coal properties (Btu. sulfur, ash l produces no significant improvements in the goodness-of-fit. The paper concludes that the identification of unobserved transport cost data by the method of residuals meets with mixed success. The results indicate that separate calibration of large-volume flows is a useful direction for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article throws light on professor Richard Pillsbury's recent article on the urban street pattern of Pennsylvania. It is a welcome indication that geographers are turning to the urban plan as a valuable and as yet little exploited, source in regional analysis. This highly visible element of urban form is particularly suited to the systematic study of urban phenomena in an international context. Useful though the paper is, it prompts some comments upon its methodology and conclusions and the broader context of urban-historical research.

The article presents information that the program of the 50th anniversary meeting of the Association of American Geographers will be held on April 11-15, 1954 at the University of Pennsylvania and the Penn-Sherwood Hotel Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Members having professional material to exhibit would have to communicate with university of California. The program committee appointed by the Council is instructed by it to arrange a program of invited papers suitable for the fiftieth anniversary meetings.

Prison expansion can be considered a geographical solution to deindustrialization and globalization. Postindustrial prison development to address declining productive industries in amenity-rich rural areas, however, can catalyze struggles over shifting rural land uses, ideals, and identities. Using participant observation, interviews, and texts, this article examines a prison siting in Appalachian Pennsylvania. The prison and the changes it might bring were strategically constructed by local politicians and then by citizen opponents and proponents of the prison. Alternative discourses that indicated differing levels of reliance on making a living from the local land, desires for “working” or “amenity” land uses, views toward minority newcomers associated with the prison, and legitimacy in land-use decision making played key roles in the prison debate. While prisons may seem a viable avenue for rural economic development, this article suggests that alternatives, such as indigenous, small-scale enterprises based on local resources and urban-rural coalitions, may provide more sustainable and equitable development for rural and urban areas impacted by economic restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-level ozone pollution is causing measurable damage to the forests of the eastern United States, including those in Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau region. This area is surrounded by many urban and industrial pollution sources in the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast United States and in southeastern Canada. Any of these may play critical roles as source regions from which ozone and its precursor pollutants are carried toward the forests. This study identifies those geographic regions with the greatest potential influence on forests. This study identifies those geographic regions with the greatest potential influence on forest ozone concentrations via a climatological analysis of air-mass trajectories. In this analysis, observed meteorological data and a trajectory model are used to calculate the spatial history of polluted air-masses. Multiple trajectories are examined using a newly adapted methodology of ensemble trajectory analysis in combination with ozone data and key synoptic weather patterns from a related climatology. Results indicate a critical region of influence centered on the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, and extending eastward up the Ohio River Valley. These parts of Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri have the greatest like lihood of influencing high-ozone air masses arriving in Pennsylvania, and they coincide with some of the highest emission regions in the country. In the worst cases, air masses accumulate pollutants for several days as they stagnate over this region, and then continue accumulating pollutants as they move slowly toward Pennsylvania. Brief comments regarding the research and policy implications of these results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of Pennsylvania winter climate is shown to be the result of mechanisms working on two distinctly different time scales: interdecadal and interannual. Interdecadal variability is associated with hemispheric changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation regimes. During periods of zonal flow, Pennsylvania temperatures are above normal, while meridional flow is associated with below-normal temperatures. Precipitation is near normal during zonal regimes, but can be either very dry (as it was in the 1960s) or abnormally wet (like the 1970s) with meridional flow, depending on the exact placement of the deepened trough over the eastern United States. Imbedded in the interdecadal fluctuations is interannual variability which is related to two important Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns: the Pacific/North American (PNA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns. Interannual changes in the atmospheric circulation, as expressed by indices of the two teleconnections, explain 50 percent of the variance in Pennsylvania winter temperature, but only 14 percent of the precipitation variance. It is argued that knowledge of such relationships provides a basis for refining and better interpreting models of greenhouse gas-induced climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organization of American economic geography and the enunciation of a new, human- focused conceptual orientation appropriate to it have been attributed to scholars at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. I argue here that such attribution is too limited and does disservice to the rich history of the discipline. Economic geography as a university subject was introduced by economists influenced by German economic historicism. It was adopted by departments of geography when abandoned by economists. Earliest formulations of a new non-Davisian model of geographic inquiry were the work of individuals not connected with the Wharton group of Emory Johnson, J. Russell Smith, J. Paul Goode, and Walter S. Tower. The general recognition of the philosophic and subject organization contribution of the Pennsylvania group is appropriate but made more realistic by a fuller understanding of the diverse roots of American economic geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of human service facilities in Philadelphia affects and is affected by the distribution of poor, nonworking households who use those facilities. Spatial linkages arise because clients need to be close to support facilities. Service providers seek to locate facilities in areas most accessible to potential users. Minimal cash incomes of service-dependent households and budget limitations of service agencies constrain service-dependents and facilities to Philadelphia's oldest and most deteriorated neighborhoods. Ghettoization of the nonworking poor and their support services in the inner city is most likely detrimental to the service-dependent themselves and in addition acts as a barrier to urban revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Log dwellings provided shelter for aboriginal and European settlers in Canada. There may have been some borrowing from Indian sources by early French-speaking settlers, but most forms seem to have been imported from the home country, with subsequent Canadian development. Expulsion of the Acadians obliterated early forms in Maritime Canada. Stone characterizes most of the surviving early forms in the St. Lawrence Valley, although fur trade personnel from the latter area carried their traditional techniques of log construction westward. English-speaking settlers of Ontario brought with them log dwellings of Pennsylvania origin. The same basic technique of handling logs in their dwellings was later carried westward and northward where it displaced that of the earlier fur trade. Other ethnic groups, in the Prairie Provinces, especially, introduced distinctive log dwellings at least in their initial settlement. Log dwellings are still numerous and widespread in Canada, but in most cases they now are based on the techniques from Pennsylvania rather than those from the St. Lawrence Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, Fairmount, a small area in Philadelphia's inner city, has changed from a working-class neighborhood with a strong European-ethnic flavor to a revitalized, “fashionable” area with many young professionals. One step in the transition was the exclusion of blacks from the neighborhood. The influx of newcomers to Fairmount has altered traditional social patterns, and for some residents resulted in a declining quality of neighborhood life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wall graffiti can be indicators of attitudes, behavioral dispositions, and social processes in settings where direct measurement is difficult. The autographed inscriptions of inner city "graffiti kings" in Philadelphia are analyzed in terms of their style, motivation, and preferred setting. Graffiti written by teenage gangs delineate their turf or area of control: their content may indicate contested space and gang violence. Graffiti in an ethnic neighborhood identify tension zones related to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines exhibits at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Physical site and situation in Pennsylvania; Situation and growth of Philadelphia.

Highlights the conference held at Hershey, Pennsylvania on October 6-8, 1944. List of committee members attended; Objectives of the conference; Contributions of geographers in war-time research.

Examines the effect of physiography on the population distribution in Maryland and in Pennsylvania. Discrepancies due to abnormal variations in population distribution; Variability of statistics in the states between 1900-1910; Average increase in Piedmont, Pennsylvania.

Americans have always shown strong affinity for small towns. Some, as exemplified by Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, developed into places of very real importance in the cultural and economic life of the United States in the past, but have found it increasingly difficult to compete effectively in a world of heavy industry and quaternary economics. Changes in American taste and technology suggest that small towns might again play a meaningful role in contemporary society. Three generations of economic and demographic difficulties have caused physical and psychological damage which sharply limits Bellefonte's ability to play such a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of individual production units, and the aggregate output of manufacturing located in early nineteenth century New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore was limited by factor shortages of capital and labor, the immobility of waterpower and the state of technology, an expensive and inadequate transport network, and an accessible market of restricted proportions. Those manufacturing functions found in the mercantile city were intimately associated with the city's commercial functions and then intraurban locations were influenced by land costs, the journey-to-walk, the journey-to-shop, communication economies, and interindustry linkages. Recognition of these conditions is important to an understanding of subsequent patterns of urban-industrial growth and internal metropolitan structure, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of basic principles concerning tourist and outdoor recreation facilities are being developed on a priori grounds rather than from empirically derived data. One of the most fundamental of such generalizations relates to the effect of a facility on its hinterland, the degree of impact being postulated as a function of the friction of distance. The basic purpose of this study is to test the validity of this concept by analyzing the actual impact of two similar tourist attractions in Pennsylvania on their hinterlands. Major discrepancies are found to exist between the pattern of geometrically regular hypothetical impact zones and the highly irregular patterns actually produced by the two test facilities. Analysis of condition that might create such irregularities yields null results in the case of 1) invalid data, 2) accessibility, and 3) intervening opportunity factors, and significant correlation in the case of the 4) regional orientation 5) familiarity, and 6) advertising factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pennsylvania anthracite region is experiencing increasing economic and social dislocations as a result of continuing decline of its coal mining industry. Theses dislocations differ greatly in severity among individual communities, but areal patterns are discernible in their local intensities. moreover, there is a high degree of spatial correlation between the areal patterns of individual types of dislocations, which permits subdivision of the anthracite region into discrete units of major and lesser overall impact. The present extent and status of these area units is closely associated with the earlier occupational structures of their component towns. Specifically, dislocational impact is in major part a function of the degree of initial dependence on mining, and an inverse function of initial dependence on service and trade occupations. These facts and conclusions not only contribute to corpus geographiae but also have important ramifications for area redevelopers concerned with revitalizing the economies of depressed mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]