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We examined sperm storage patterns of doubly mated females in a species of tephritid fly (Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) [Diptera: Tephritidae]) with four sperm storage organs and an unusually complex reproductive system to elucidate possible reproductive arenas in which sexual selection can or has played a role in sperm competition and cryptic female choice and to predict effects on paternity outcomes. The duration of copulation with each male of doubly mated female flies was recorded and the sperm storage organs were dissected to determine the location and identity of each male’s sperm (by microsatellite polymerase chain reaction) and its relative quantity. Short copulations with the first male generally resulted in little transfer of sperm and predicted the length of time spent in second copulations, resulting in disproportionate sperm storage from second copulations. For doubly mated females, most storage organs contained sperm from second males only, although the fertilization chamber often contained sperm from both males (allowing for possible sperm competition). Long-term storage organs (spermathecae) always contained sperm from single males exclusively possibly limiting opportunities for sperm competition. Our data provide a mechanism for second male precedence without invoking sperm competition, and caution that paternity patterns must be critically interpreted with inclusion of information on sperm storage patterns.

The vectorial capacity of mosquitoes is related to the reproductive output, and dependent on the ability of male spermatozoa to survive within the inseminated female. Mosquito females mate once, and immediately after mating, the male spermatozoa are transferred to and maintained in the ectodermic spermatheca. Mosquito spermathecae in culicines, especially of the yellowfever mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.), have been characterized in detail. In contrast, not much is known about this organ in anophelines. Here, the morphology of the spermatheca in the saltwater-tolerant mosquito Anopheles aquasalis Curry was investigated for the first time using a combination of light, confocal, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The spermatheca in An. aquasalis share many features with the three spermathecae present in Ae. aegypti, including a round-shaped reservoir and spermathecal duct glandular cells. However, differences such as the volume and cell types, as well as their numbers and distribution, were observed. The most remarkable difference seems to be the absence of a separated glandular unit as seen in Ae. aegypti. In An. aquasalis, the glandular cells are distributed along the reservoir wall, possibly representing a feature exclusive of anophelines. Together, these glandular cell units constitute the main secretory apparatus of An. aquasalis, and are the main source of secretions to nourish and maintain the viability of the gametes during the female's reproductive life span. Understanding the spermathecal organization and function will contribute to understand details of mosquito reproductive biology, and help answer questions related to the reproductive success of these major vectors of pathogens.

Diapause in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, has been extensively studied, but remains poorly understood. In particular, results of diapause induction studies have been inconsistent, and the body of published literature does not clearly indicate the factors or cues responsible for induction. A likely contributor to this variability may be the differences among studies in the criteria used to distinguish diapause. We present illustrated descriptions of the stages of male and female reproductive development, and of the fat body types and conditions associated with reproductive and diapausing weevils. These descriptions provide clearer and more extensive guidelines for the classification of reproductive and diapausing boll weevils than were previously available. We also propose criteria for distinguishing diapause based on specific characters of the fat body and male and female reproductive organs. These criteria provide a means of standardizing diapause assessments in future studies, or at least a baseline for comparison when describing alternate criteria, and should serve to clarify these descriptions in future reports.

The association between the ventral nervous system and the sperm storage organs in Anastrepha suspensa Loew was examined to elucidate possible mechanisms that may influence sperm transport in the female reproductive tract. Such mechanisms are of importance with respect to the sexual conflict over paternity. A single, abdominal ganglion is present under the first abdominal sternite of A. suspensa. The ganglion is ovoid (L = 280 ± 18 μm ±SD, W = 230 ± 15 μm ±SD) and has a large nerve fiber extending anteriorly to the thoracico-abdominal ganglion and a large, branched nerve fiber extending posteriorly to the reproductive system. The presence of an abdominal ganglion is atypical for the Cyclorrapha flies and its position in the abdomen is atypical for the Insecta. The ganglion's position suggests that in some taxa the evolutionary trend toward fewer abdominal ganglia has occurred with the concomitant displacement of caudal ganglia to more anterior positions in the abdomen. Nerves extending from this ganglion synapse with muscle fibers at the base of the spermathecae and the surface of the unicellular gland cells surrounding the spermathecal capsule. When stained with HRP Ab, synaptic boutons are also visible along the length of the spermathecal ducts in association with the longitudinal muscle fibers and on the muscle fibers surrounding the ventral receptacle. These findings suggest that females have the potential to affect sperm transport in their reproductive tract.

Male pales weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst), were sexually immature upon emergence from their pupal cells. During the first 2 wk of adult life the concentration of sperm bundles in the testes increased, and a lumen containing a granular material began to form in the accessory glands. Most individuals had active sperm when 2 wk old. Four-week-old males had a large concentration of sperm bundles, numerous active sperm, and accessory glands entirely filled with a granular material. During mating trials 3- to 6-d-old (prereproductive) males did not transfer sperm to either reproductive or prereproductive females. Twenty percent of the 11- to 15-d-old (incipient reproductive) males transferred some sperm to reproductive females, but no sperm was transferred to prereproductive females. Eighty-five percent of the 4-wk-old (reproductive) males transferred sperm to reproductive females. The quantity of sperm transferred was quite variable. Seventy percent of the reproductive males transferred small amounts of sperm to prereproductive females. Female receptivity may influence the amount of sperm transferred by reproductive males.

Reproductive behavior of both sexes of the apple maggot was shown to be correlated with ovarian and accessory gland development, and changes in the fat body. A protein free diet resulted in a drastic reduction in ovarian and accessory gland development after day 5 in females. Spermatogenesis was independent of diet and little protein was required for male accessory gland development. Mating behavior in the male was apparently not affected by diet.

The morphology of the internal reproductive system of the adult female army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the spermatophore, is described and illustrated. The study shows the basic similarities and differences between the army cutworm and some other noctuid species previously studied.

The intake of protein and sucrose by male and female apple maggot flies was highest during week 1, decreased slightly during weeks 2 and 3, and remained at a lower level until day 45 (= end of experiment). These changes were closely associated with maturation of the reproductive system and changes in adult reproductive behavior. Females consumed greater amounts of protein and more sucrose than males, reflecting their greater need of protein for egg production and sucrose to support the greater biomass. Also, there were significant quantitative differences between wild and laboratory-cultured flies in food intake, arrival of flies on ceresin domes, mating, and fecundity.

The anatomy, histology, and post-larval development of the ♂ and ♀ reproductive systems of the sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopacformis (Roder) (Otitidae), are described. The ♂ system consists of the aedeagus, andrium, ejaculatory bulb and apodeme, 3 pairs of accessory glands, paired vasa deferentia, and paired testes. The reproductive system of T. myopaeformis males differs from other described acalypterate ♂ systems as follows: structure of andrial endoskeleton; bootshaped ejaculatory apodeme; 2 pairs of short bulbous accessory glands; and brown coiled testes. Spermatids are first evident 2 days post-pupariation with mature spermatozoa present in newly emerged adults. Most males are capable of mating 1–2 days postemergence. The ♂ reproductive system consists of a pseudo-ovipositor, vagina, bursa copulatrix, ventral receptacle, 3 spermathecae, paired accessory glands, common oviduct, paired lateral oviducts, and paired ovate ovaries. The reproductive system of T. myopaeformis females differs from other described acalypterate female systems as follows: type of sensilla near apex of ovipositor; presence of 2 ventral diverticula of the vagina, the bursa copulatrix and ventral receptacle; and 3 spermathecae present on 2 ducts. Vitellogenesis begins within 9 days post-pupariation and is not complete until 1–2 days postemergence. Most females are sexually mature and capable of oviposition within 2 days postemergence. During copulation the aedeagus coils transversely 1–2 times in the bursa copulatrix. Spermatozoa are transferred in bundles from the testis to the bursa copulatrix. The bundles break up shortly after entering the bursa copulatrix.

Periodic dissections of adult female Sitona cylindricollis Fahraeus showed that the reproductive system remains underdeveloped and unproductive prior to hibernation. Only overwintered females showed fully developed and productive systems. Separation of males from females of the overwintered, producing populations showed that very frequent or continuous contact with males is necessary for sustained production of oocytes and eggs by females. Separation of the sexes for very brief periods leads to gaps in the chains of oocytes; longer periods cause complete cessation of oocyte production.

The morphology of the reproductive system and the mechanics of spermatophore formation in Heliothis zea are described. The ductus ejaculatorius simplex of the male was found to consist of two separate functioning parts, divided by a coil area where the frenum of the spcrmatophore is formed. Spermatophore formation involves a complicated series of operations in which the male endophallus expands drawing the spermatophore from the ductus ejaculatorius simplex and depositing it in the bursa copulatrix of the female. As the fat body in unmated moths is depleted the production of mature eggs having the chorion is inhibited, possibly by the absorption of the immature eggs not having the chorion. Formation of mature eggs is not inhibited in mated moths. Percentages of mating for moths of various age groups were obtained by dissections of large samples from several light-trap sources.

The histology of the third instar of Rhagoletis pomonwlla (Walsh) is described from paraffin sections. Histological features are noted for tissues of the integument, anal organ, tracheal system, alimentary tract, nervous system, imaginal discs, reproductive system, circulatory system, and endocrine glands.

The reproductive system of the adult female of Empoasca fabae (Harris) consists of 2 ovaries (each composed of 4 telotrophic ovarioles), lateral oviducts, a median oviduct, and a genital chamber bearing a pair of spermatozoal pouches, a spermatheca, and a median accessory gland. The ovaries and lateral oviducts are derived from 3 primary mesodermal tissues: the anterior ovarian strands, the primary epithelial sheaths, and the posterior ovarian strands. The median oviduct, genital chamber, spermatheca, and accessory gland originate during the second stadium. The median oviduct does not arise as an invagination during postembryogenesis, but develops from an ectodermal ampulla. The genital chamber invaginates from a posterior membranous portion on the venter of segment 8 and during the fifth stadium its anterior part extends over the posterior portion of the median oviduct producing 2 folds that form the definitive spermatozoal pouches. The spermatheca originates as an evagination near the opening of the genital chamber. The accessory gland invaginates between the second and third valvular rudiments on the venter of segment 9. The venter of segment 9 invaginates during the fifth stadium, and forms the posterior wall of the genital opening. The female genitalia consist of 3 pairs of valvulae derived from 2 primary-rudiment pairs on the venter of segments 8 and 9 of first-instar nymphs. The first valvulae arise from the anterior pair, whereas the second and third valvulae are secondary lobes of the posterior pair. The definitive first and second valvulae with anterior rami form the ovipositor; the third valvulae form ovipositor sheaths. A ramal sac is formed from invaginated sternum 8. The reproductive system of the adult male consists of 2 testes (each composed of 4 follicles), vasa deferentia with seminal vesicles, paired ejaculatory ducts, paired accessory glands, and a median ejaculatory bulb. The testes and vasa deferentia are derived from 2 primary mesodermal tissues, primary epithelial sheaths, and proximal strands. The accessory glands, ejaculatory ducts, and ejaculatory bulb do not arise from invaginations during postembryogenesis, but develop from an ectodermal ampulla during the third stadium. The male genitalia (aedeagus and lateral and median parameres) are derived from a pair of primary phallic rudiments on the venter of segment 9. Genital plates are derived from an anterior primary-rudiment pair on the venter of segment 9. The aedeagus arises from a pair of mesomeres, formed during the third stadium, which fuse during the fourth stadium into a single, median organ coincident with the formation of the lateral and median parameres. Yolk-laden primary oocytes are discharged from the ovarioles by the fourth to sixth day of the adult stadium. Spermatozoa are present in the seminal vesicles of males during the first day of the adult stadium.

The work reported was undertaken to acquire additional information about the general structure of the Neuroptera and to provide detailed descriptions which may be used in taxonomic studies. The taxonomic value of certain genital structures of neuropteroid insects has been recognized by a number of workers, but because of the variety of terms used to designate homologous parts, a considerable amount of confusion exists. The terminology of Tjeder (1956) is accepted as the most practical for future work. Detailed descriptions and explanations of genitalic structures and comparisons with related species are given. To demonstrate its possible usefulness in taxonomy, the gonarcus, an arch-shaped structure below the anal segment, is figured along with the same structure in 8 other species.

The digestive tract, malpighian tubes, and reproductive system of the female Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, are described. The accessory glands of the female reproductive system nearly doubled their length and width after the insects mated. Females producing the sex pheromone, i.e., unmated and feeding (newly emerged as well as re-emerged), possessed longer malpighian tubes than those not producing the pheromone, i.e., unmated and not feeding or mated and feeding. No such differences were found in the similar stages of the males. In arrestment tests to different organs of feeding, unmated females (foregut, midgut, malpighian tubes, and reproductive system), the male test beetles were arrested by the posterior part of the hindgut (rectum) only. When 2 drops of artificial borings from fresh Douglas-fir phloem were added to the organs tested, males were arrested also by the anterior part of the hindgut (small intestine) and by the malpighian tubes. The malpighian tubes of the unmated, feeding females, apparently are associated with the production of the sex pheromone.

The reproductive system in 3 species of whitefringed beetles, Graphognathus striatus (Buchanan), G. fecundus (Buchanan), and G. peregrinus (Buchanan), is described and compared and found to be similar in gross morphology to other weevils. Parts of the reproductive system of G. striatus and G. peregrinus were sectioned and compared histologically. The gross morphology and histology of an aberrant reproductive system also found in G. striatus and G. peregrinus is described. It is suggested that the spermathecal capsule, ovipositor styli, and 8th sternite may provide good taxonomic characters for the genus.

The gross anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems and their various components is described and illustrated. Comparisons are made between the genitalia of S. orizicola Muir and the closely related species S. furcifera (Horvath) and S. cubana (Crawford). Neither the male nor the female mates until the adult is 3 days old. Preliminary to mating, the male signals the female when in her vicinity with abdominal vibrations, approximately four per second; a receptive female responds with similar abdominal vibrations. The male then approaches the female and copulation is accomplished. Females need mate only once in order to produce fertile eggs throughout their lifetime. In these experiments mated females usually began to oviposit several minutes after copulating, and their average total production was 161 eggs each. Virgin females usually laid eggs only in the latter part of their life span, and averaged 56 eggs each.

A bioassay technique was devised in which precise micro amounts of materials can be transferred to the reproductive system of female house flies, Musca domestica L. Tests with mature virgin females treated with crude extracts of the ejaculatory duct showed the method to be extremely sensitive to the factor responsible for mating refusal. Little or no observable damage to the tissue, mortality, or other ill effects resulted from the procedure.

Extracts of tissues of the house fly, Musca domestica L., were prepared and injected into virgin female flies to study mating inhibition and mortality. A factor that inhibited mating was extracted from the reproductive systems of the male and newly mated female, male abdomens, and male copulatory duct but not from the testes or the reproductive system of virgin females. An extract of the male copulatory duct caused 50% inhibition of mating at a concentration of 4.3 tissue equivalents. An extract of male abdomens was 53% more effective than an extract of the copulatory duct. All extracts were toxic, and toxicity was enhanced by homogenization, sonification, and oxidation. The most effective bioassay procedure resulted when extracts were prepared from unfragmented tissues, and 1 µliter of the extract containing 4 tissue equivalents was injected into the thorax of 3-day-old virgin females; 3 days later the females were tested for mating inhibition.

Re-investigation of the anatomy of the external reproductive system of adult male Aedes aegypti (Bangkok strain) shows, in addition to the already known facts, that (1) the 9th sternum is composed of anterior and posterior regions sharply divided from each other by the intersegmental membrane, (2) the basal paraproct (10th tergum) is attached to the dorsal root of the basimere and not to the lobe of the 9th tergum, and (3) the epiproct (remnant of the 11th tergum) is attached to the complex apical paraproct (10th sternum?). The present study of the internal genital system includes a description of the attachments of the apical filament of the testis and of the filaments of the accessory glands, and of the innervation of the different parts. It is suggested that the thin-walled tubes leading from the testes are the true vasa efferentia, and that the short, thickerwalled muscular region between them and the seminal vesicles represents the vasa deferentia. Males of 7 other species belonging to 4 genera of mosquitoes were dissected and compared with Aedes aegypti .

A comparative system of the anatomical arrangement was made on 10 species, namely, Aedes triseriatus, A. taeniorhynchus, A. fulvus pallens, A. infirmatus, Psorophora howardii. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Deinocerites cancer, Uranotaenia lowii, Culiseta inornata , and Anopheles crucians . The chief differences found were in the shape of the accessory glands, the time of formation of mature spermatozoa, and particularly in the arrangement of the seminal vesicles. The accessory glands were oval, or elongate, or pear-shaped; in U. lowii and A. taeniorhynchus they were shaped differently in newly emerged males than in older ones. In the Psorophora , the Culex , and the four Aedes species the seminal vesicles were conjoined or fused throughout their length, but in C. inornata, D. cancer, C. lowii , and A. crucians they were separate, connected only at the posterior ends. In the species with conjoined or fused vesicles the transfer of spermatozoa was rapid (10 to 15 seconds) during mating, but this was prolonged to 45 minutes or more in three of the four species with separate vesicles; mating behavior was not observed in Anopheles crucians , which is strikingly different from all the other nine species in the size and musculature of its ejaculatory duct. Active spermatozoa were found in the seminal vesicles within 15 minutes after emergence in P. howardii, D. cancer , and U. lowii ; after 6 hours in A. taeniorhynchus, A. triseriatus, A. infirmatus, C. p. quinquefasciatus, C. inornata , and A. crucians ; and after 20 hours in A. fulvus pallens.

The internal morphology of the reproductive system of Circulifer tenellus (Baker) is described. Morphological, as well as histological changes resulting from exposure of nymphs and adult males and females to Co60 irradiation, or treatment by N,N '-hexamethylenebis(1-aziridinecarboxamide are discussed. Primary egg chambers with developing oogonia, oocytes, and follicle cells are present in 12-hour-old females. Females exposed to 5 kr irradiation showed only a reduction of various cell stages of oogenesis, but 10 kr dosages caused nuclear disintegration and cellular atrophy. Similar effects were observed in chemosterilized individuals, nymphs being more sensitive than adults. Treatment of males with 20-kr dosages resulted in pronounced cell necrosis and sperm depletion.

The morphology of the male reproductive system of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller), the European pine shoot moth, and the process of spermatogenesis are described. Spermatozoa were first observed in 2-day pupae and the reproductive system was fully formed in 11-day pupae. The gonadal tissue of males irradiated with 36,000 and 54,000 rad as 11-day pupae and as adults was compared with that of untreated individuals. Irradiation caused increased tracheolation of the testicular epithelium, thickening of the walls of the seminal vesicles, dispersion of the spermatocytes from their peripheral location, degeneration of sperm bundles, and vacuolation of the testes.

The external genitalia and reproductive system of both sexes of Perlesta placida (Hagen) are described and illustrated in detail. Description, quantitative data, and physical conditions relating to mating behavior and copulation of 24 pairs are given. Attempts by a male to copulate with both soft and dried dead females are recorded. A female captured by a male and side and ventral views of in copulo position are illustrated. Photomicrographs of eggs, both before oviposition and after 4 hours inwater, and the tips of egg filaments are presented.

The aim of the observations reported in this paper is the investigation of the anatomy and histology of the American C. herculeanus pennsylvanicus together with a comparison of this species with the existing work on other closely related Formicidae. This report describes the digestive system with the associated glands, the heart and aorta, the non-functional reproductive system, and the poison apparatus. The tracheal and nervous systems have not been completely treated, and the blood, the muscles and the sensilla have not been considered at all.[2][1] [1]: #fn-2

The studies upon which this article is based were undertaken at the Ohio Experiment Station several years ago. The determination of the flies from which the drawings were made was verified by J. M. Aldrich as Hypoderma bovis De Geer. This year the illustrations were checked with specimens of H. bovis de Geer furnished by E. W. Laake.

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is noted for its extremely long and slender beak which it uses for drilling the coverings of the host fruit for feeding and in preparation for egg-laying. There is a parallel development in the reproductive organs and the extended ovipositor has been found to be as long as the female beak, about 11 mm. The object of this paper is to describe in detail the reproductive system, male and female, using what seems to be the most appropriate and best established nomenclature. It is believed the male organs offer characters of taxonomic value but no other species of the genus has been carefully studied.

In Aedes triseriatus Say, A. taeniorhynchus Wied., and Psorophora howardii Coq., the male accessory glands possess an anterior region whose fluid contents include large granules, and a posterior region without such granules. In the two Aedes species the fluid and granules are colorless, while in P. howardii the yellow pigmentation of the large granules makes the glandular secretion easily discernible. During mating, the fluid with its granules is always ejected along with spermatozoa and deposited with the latter in the bursa copulatrix of the female. There the granules mass compactly in the form of a rectangular or U-shaped plug, but soon begin to dissolve. In P. howardii the yellow pigment thus released discolors the remaining fluid in the sac, but within 24 to 36 hours the granules have completely disintegrated and no traces of the fluid are evident thereafter. There is no evidence, at present, that the fluid from the accessory glands has a stimulatory effect on the spermatozoa. The quantity of fluid in the male glands diminishes with successive matings, as does the number of spermatozoa in the seminal vesicles, and changes in the shape and appearance of the glands follow multiple matings.

Pentac®-treated, untreated, and starved female twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), were observed for behavioral, symptomatic, and histological differences. Pentac-treated females observed at 8-hr intervals for 72 hr evinced muscular contractions, decreased feeding, and egg extrusions. As exposure progressed from 24 to 72 hr, Pentac-treated females were found increasingly to possess ventriculi and hindguts which were ruptured or distorted and which contained abnormal numbers of several types of digestive cells. Pentac treatment resulted in changes in the reproductive system including rupture or distortion of tissues, reduced oogenesis and oviposition, and extrusions of eggs accompanied by oviduct, hindgut, and ventricular tissues. Both Pentac treatment and water and nutritional starvation resulted in similar changes on the digestive and reproductive systems, except that no extrusions occurred in starved females. Based on observations of muscular contractions and incoordination the primary effect of Pentac appears to be on the muscular or neuromuscular systems. Extrusions and starvation effects are interpreted as secondary effects of Pentac.

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to elucidate the external features and to detail the ultrastructural characteristics of the various tissue systems of Aceria tulipae (Keifer). The integument, alimentary system, and hemolymph are similar to those reported for higher arthropods, although the circulatory system did not appear to have cardiac muscle or aortic systems present. The reproductive system is composed of bilateral ovarioles, oviducts, and a single genital canal. The nervous system is composed of a single neurosynganglion with few lateral processes evident. The gut epithelial linings are only 1 cell layer thick and the organism has no tracheal system. A diagrammatic illustration of the external and internal anatomy is presented.

The reproductive system of the fire ant queen consists of the ovaries, the oviducts, a spermathecal duct, spermatheca, spermathecal glands, uterus, vagina, bursa, and vulva. Although this system is similar to that of many insects, numerous differences are reported. Follicle sizes within the ovarioles show abrupt changes between the proximal and distal regions of the vitellarium. These follicles are followed by nurse cells which increase in size with the growth and development of the oocyte. In the enlarged calyx are found numerous flagellumlike structures which arise from papillae throughout most of the calyx lumen. These structures are lacking on the ventral wall of the calyx and throughout the rest of the oviduct. A muscular fold exists on the floor of the uterus, similar to that found in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. The significance of this fold is discussed. The spermathecal duct arises anterior to a dorsoventrally elongated uterus and is supported by a rigid and. modified cylindrical structure immediately anterior to its junction with the spermatheca. A uterine pouch exists above the junction of uterus with spermathecal duct. Most of the lining of the reproductive system is simple columnar epithelium, although some of the cells become cuboidal, pseudostratified, and even squamous in various regions. Surrounding the epithelial lining throughout most of the reproductive system are layers of striated muscle. A membranous intima is found within the lumen of the posteriormost regions of the system.

Three sugars—fructose, glucose, and trehalose—are found in the free form in all the main anatomical areas of the reproductive system, occurring in considerably greater quantities in drones leaving the hive than in drones returning from flight. These carbohydrates are also found in the hemolymph, and there is probably a relationship between their levels there and in the reproductive organs. The same sugars are also found in the ejaculated semen, occurring almost exclusively in the seminal plasma; fructose is rapidly metabolized in seminal ejaculates. The ejaculated semen also contains several metal ions, including iron, magnesium, copper, calcium, manganese, and sodium.

Weevils were collected in the field at Clemson, S. C, at 14-day intervals from mid-October to mid-June. Oviducts, ovaries, and testes were measured, and male reproductive systems were weighed. In mid-October, following estivation, only 4% of the females had fully developed reproductive systems, but by mid-December 95% had eggs ready for oviposition, or showed evidence of having oviposited, or both. Egg counts in alfalfa stems in the field showed a steady rise through these months and remained high until mid-January, when with a period of unusually cold weather, the weevil population became greatly reduced. Throughout the winter the reproductive system showed no sign of regression in either sex; a small percentage of overwintered survivors apparently were responsible for a trickle of oviposition that continued into June. In April adults of the new generation began to appear; their reproductive systems were undeveloped and remained so throughout the spring, up to the start of estivation.

The female reproductive system of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) consists of 2 ovaries (each composed of 5 telotrophic ovarioles), lateral oviducts, median oviduct, and genital chamber. The ovaries and lateral oviducts are derived from 3 mesodermal tissues: anterior ovarian strands, primary epithelial sheaths, and posterior ovarian strands. The genital chamber arises as a ventral invagination between the 7th and 8th abdominal segments during early postparturition. The median oviduct arises from ectodermal ampullae within the 7th abdominal segment. The genital chamber joins with the central mass of the median oviduct, and these eventually develop confluent lumina. Reproductive system development begins in embryos within postparturienic nymphs, and all organ development is complete by 50 hours postparturition.

The digestive tract of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck consists of a narrow esophagus, a large thin-walled crop, the proventriculus. and an active epithelium present in the ventriculus. The malpighian tubules are free in the body cavity and are relatively short. The hindgut is divided into 2 distinct regions with rectal pads in the posterior section. The female internal reproductive system consists of 2 pairs of elongated ovarioles. The proximal portion of the egg tube is enlarged and contains 20–30 mature ova. The calyx also is enlarged and filled with a fluid in which several ova may be embedded. Two prominent accessory glands and a small spermatheca are present. The male internal reproductive system consists of 2 testes each containing 1 sperm tubule. The vas deferens is short and leads to a seminal vesicle containing elongated, vacuolated epithelial cells. No accessory glands were observed tobe associated with the male reproductive system.

The male reproductive system of H. pusio Loew consists of a pair of orange-pigmented, pear-shaped testes, a pair of short vasa deferentia, paired accessory glands, an unpaired ejaculatory duct, and the external genitalia. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, an efferent duct system, 2 sperm-storing organs, paired accessory glands, and the external genitalia. Each ovary has about 20 parallel egg tubes or ovarioles. Each ovariole has a moniliform series of 2–4 follicles, tapering distally, and provided with a terminal filament and a pedicel.

Seasonal changes of reproductive maturation and changes in flight muscles in the female pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.), were determined by measuring monthly anatomical changes in the reproductive organs and dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of adults collected in northern Idaho. The female reproductive system matured gradually from July to March and rapidly to completion in April and May. Changes in the female dorsal longitudinal flight muscles closely paralleled the migrational behavior of S. lineatus , but did not appear to be directly related to reproductive maturation. There was no evidence of a reproductive diapause in this insect.

The female pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), possesses a sex pheromone gland reported to be an “eversible sac situated dorsally in the intersegmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments” (Jefferson et al. 1971). The gland's configuration could not be determined histologically, therefore its limits were not defined. A similar morphological relationship exists in the potato tuberworm, Phthorimaca operculella (Zeller), another gelechiid moth. When pressure is applied to the female abdomen, the terminal abdominal segments become swollen and expose a bulbous pheromone gland which protrudes “in the dorsal intersegmental region between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments” (Adeesan et al. 1969). In the present investigation, the pheromone gland of the female pink bollworm was observed during courtship behavior, thereby defining its operation and determining its orientation within the reproductive system.

During recent investigations of seasonal sexual development of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), in Pennsylvania, 2 ♀ weevils were discovered with abnormal reproductive systems. Each weevil possessed 5 ovarioles (= ovarian tubules, Snow 1928) with 5 corresponding ovariole pedicels; 3 on one side and 2 on the other. These converged to a lateral oviduct on their respective sides and then into a common oviduct (Fig. 1). The normal female weevil has 4 ovarioles with corresponding pedicels, 2 on each side, converging on a lateral oviduct (Tombes 1964). Except for the extra ovariole and pedicel, the reproductive systems of the anomalous normal females appeared normal. Frequency of the anomaly was represented in 1 of 773 and 1 of 402 ♀ examined from State College and Hershey, respectively, between September 1968 and November 1969.