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The article explores the idea of social networks, which have been becoming increasingly popular among both social anthropologists and sociologists as one way of understanding behavior, particularly in larger scale complex or less structured societies. It reviews several literature related to the topic including those that were regarded as the most effective treatment for the subject. Furthermore, it concentrates on the developments that have taken place after the discoveries made by these related literature. It discusses a range of topics that include the question of the network theory, structural and transactional perspectives, network concepts, data collection, and finally, it presents an analysis of the social networks.

The article explores the validity of the array of strategies and contributing variables useful in demographic studies for anthropology. This literature review discusses the reasons for the increased interest in the development of anthropology, the relation between demography and cultural anthropology, the developments in descriptive demography, the effects of demography on living human populations, and the details of reconstruction of prehistoric and ethnohistoric populations. The authors to this review conclude that the descriptive demographic studies are still worthwhile, and that if the broad array of contributing factors is understood and controlled for, studies of the relationship between particular independent factors and demographic variables can be profitably explored.

The article presents a review of studies in the physical anthropology of the modern man which concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. This literature review aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exists, and to pick out any trend in investigation that may be detectable. To limit the range of the study, several topics including behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states have been excluded.

The article focuses on the fundamental principle in developments in the area of social dialectology and sociolinguistics in Canada. Dialectology has its roots in the tradition of dialect geography and linguistic atlas work well established in France and Germany. A classic review article surveyed the interinfluence of geographic and social factors in the creation and maintenance of diverse linguistic repertoires in speech communities of several kinds. Hence, social and geographic factors were shown to be interrelated in differentiating speakers. It is important to note that degrees of geographic distance in dialectology have been traditionally equated with relative lack of contact of speakers.

The article focuses on the adequacy of phonological theories and practices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The most important developments in linguistics as a whole and in phonology over the past decades have been the rise to prominence of Chomskyan transformational theory. Systems of descriptive phonology must all meet certain basic standards of accuracy and scope if it is considered adequate. The principal tasks of phonology are to describe the phonetic elements of the sound system and to state combinatory patterns within the grammar of a language. The speech of a community can be described as a system of recurring features and patterns of phonetic elements where redundancy in the patterning of the elements allows for economical description without loss of accuracy.

The article presents a literature review that discusses the linguistic theory in relation to syntax, semantics and pragmatics. It provides a definition of linguistic theory, the details of issues of theory in syntax and semantics and some of the problems in accountability. Furthermore, the literature includes a discussion of the criteria which involve category and rule types, rule applicability, naturalness of linguistic generalizations, and diachrony versus synchrony. This provides a discussion of the more restricted area which is based principally on the linguistic theory as defined by the transformational generative point of view.

The article presents a literature review of the recent market studies in geography, since 1965, and to recent developments in central-place theory and methodology. This literature aims to explore the economics of marketing systems through the context of anthropology. It includes a highly selective group of anthropological work on marketing, particularly in China, United States, Canada, Philippines, Germany, Guatemala, Roman Britain, and certain parts of Africa. This review was undertaken in the light of the belief that attention to developments in a sister discipline would stimulate more interesting and sophisticated work on marketing systems by anthropologists.

The article explores the four areas of the comparative study of childhood which have particular interest to the author. It also explores systematic ethnographic reports on child life in non-Western societies, education and anthropology, cognitive style and socialization, and socialization for sex role. The author excluded most reports of infant, adolescent, and adult socialization, as a further means of narrowing the potential range of this review. Furthermore, the author observed that descriptions of traditional or indigenous enculturation were few and that accounts of the impact of Westernization, particularly in the form of schooling, on traditional child rearing were becoming more common.

The article presents a literature review of ethnomedicine, medical ecology, health problems research, and the study of health care delivery systems. In ethnomedicine, the review finds that the large extent topics dealt have not been subject to precise definition, systematization testing subsequent refinement, and elaboration. Meanwhile, in contrast to ethnomedical research work, medical anthropology is one of the most useful contributor to the study of medical ecology. Like applied anthropology, perhaps, medical anthropology indicates not a conceptually or theoretically bounded subdiscipline but points to a professional role with its incumbents drawing upon all of anthropology and a number of other disciplines as well.

The article explores the trade and other forms of exchange among prehistoric peoples as an enduring and indeed traditional topic in archeology. This topic has been recently realized as an object of extremely innovative and exciting research. Its historical value lies in the artifactual and stylistic exotics used for cross-dating and relative chronology as well as in the presumed social mechanism in diffusion or in the stimulation of tribal societies by more advanced groups. However, the incidence of exchange and the nature of the various institutions through which it may have taken place are becoming much less matters of indirect interpretation because these determinations of raw material sources, identification of routes of movements, and other reasons have surpassed these.

The article explores three topics in neurolinguistics which seem to be of current interest the question of localization of language function in the brain, linguistic and neurological analyses of aphasia, and manipulative studies of brain and language functions. The understanding of the localization of language function in the brain starts with the history of our understanding of the functions of regions of the cerebral cortex is one of the most astonishing stories in medicine. Meanwhile, aphasia is studied through a review of several clinical neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery studies. On the other hand, the manipulative studies of brain and language functions focus on the investigation of the relationship between brain mechanisms and language.

The article presents a review of literature on formal approaches to the analysis of the population genetics of small anthropological populations. It discusses a wide range of topics including genetic distances, genotypic disequilibrium, regional variation in gene frequencies, migration matrices, anthropometrics, population genetics and regional history. This literature concludes that the studies of the genetic structure of small populations have made particular and incidental contributions to formal genetics, to regional history and prehistory, to epidemiology and to several other fields to which they are peripheral, however, they have not advanced an understanding of human evolution in a global sense.

The article presents a review of the history of the studies on non-Western music in order to provide the reader with a better understanding of the later trends. This literature review excludes the information not of central interest to the discipline of anthropology in order to concentrate upon the relationship between music and culture. The importance of the study of music in culture is presently very great, however, there are a limited number of ethnomusicologists trained in anthropology. These few anthropologists cannot conceivably advance the study rapidly by themselves, unless many anthropologists take an interest in ethnomusicological research, the development of meaningful statements regarding the topic will be slow.

The article presents a review of several essays by anthropologists that reflected the trends of postwar anthropology with authority and distinction. These essays tackled the trends that include the shift from traditional physical anthropology to human biology, under the influence of modem genetics. Furthermore, this literature review explores the renewed emphasis on culture and culture change, the increasing concern with peasant society and urban life, the revival of psychological and philosophical anthropology, the revolutionary developments in modem linguistics, the shift in our conceptions of social structure, and the continuing search for new and better models.

The article talks about the approach and concerns of cultural anthropology in Japan which are highly eccentric to the Japanese intellectual tradition. Cultural anthropology in the country is relatively isolated from the rest of the world and overwhelmed by local materials and discussions. Most of the cultural anthropologists in the country rarely addressed their work to the international community. Furthermore, though the Japanese Society of Ethnology has long been known as the nationwide academic association of cultural anthropologists, it was only after World War II that cultural anthropology became recognized as an independent discipline in Japan's academic field.

The article presents an anthropological research on agriculture which begin in the gross differentiation of types, the charting of their global distribution, and their association with evolutionary stages. Anthropology's past neglect of the study of agriculture is basically due to the belief that basic food production is a dull, routine, grubby, and very much a background activity. However, this attitude towards agricultural research has resulted to a poorly organized messages emanating from ecological and economic systems with the relatively more rigid and determinate messages of low information coming from ideological systems like religion, kinship, and politics in the field of agriculture.

The article presents a literature review that explores the development, methods and aims of ethnohistory. It furthermore explores the relationship between history and anthropology, the description of the historical trend of the relationship, the definition of ethnohistory and the different theories of ethnohistory. In the light of the historical interest in anthropology that has stimulated both anthropologists and historians, this literature aims to clarify the similarities between the two disciplines. On the other hand, the author proposed that ethnohistory might serve as a means for combining the generalizing aspects of ethnology with the careful evaluation of sources and interest in time sequence of history.

The article focuses on the origin of agriculture in Michigan. David Harris has made a useful distinction between two types of primitive agriculture namely seed-crop cultivation and vegeculture. He considers farming systems as man-modified ecosystems and analyzes in terms of species diversity, productivity and stability. Southwest Asia is one of the first regions of the world to have agriculture and the most intensively investigated area from the standpoint of early cultivation. Seed-cropping is a relatively simple ecosystem since it consists of few species growing in pure stands composed of large numbers of individuals while vegeculture is often a very complex ecosystem since several different species may be grown in a single field.

The article focuses on the developments in hominid paleontology in Africa. New studies on the morphology of many specimens with a concomitant better appreciation of the total morphological pattern and of the ranges of variation within populations. The time scale of hominid evolution in East Africa is becoming progressively clearer with new age determinations based upon the potassium-argon method. It is becoming possible to formulate rentative synoptic models of the chronological and phylogenetic relationships between the South and East African fossil hominids and a single pattern of African hominid phylogeny.

The article discusses the basic mathematical concepts that are relevant to anthropology measurements in the U.S. Some of the basic mathematical concepts which are relevant to measurement such as the concept of a distance metric. A good introduction to the theory of scaling distinguishes nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. A nominal scale is simply a categorization, an ordinal scale is a ranking-ordering, an interval scale has a real number measures of distance and a ratio scale is an interval scale with a zero point. The distance metric must satisfy three conditions positivity, symmetry and the triangle inequality.

The article focuses on the critical view on Southwestern ethnology in Tucson, Arizona. Anthropologists have been investigating indigenous cultures of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. Anthropological contributions to the study of Southwestern culture history continue to appear at a steadily increasing rate. The growing numbers of Southwestern Indians have been drawn to Anglo towns and cities in search of employment. These trends are clearly reflected in the work of anthropologists who have become increasingly concerned with the analysis of native political processes.

The article focuses on the position and points out the future directions in Southwestern archaeological research in the U.S. One of the more interesting of the new directions in Southwestern archaeology has been the appearance over the past decade of a series of studies that can be described as examples of the new archaeology. There have been several studies that have focused upon aspects of prehistoric social organization in the Southwest. Some of it was summarized in a recent book specifically designed to explore the nature of social organization.

The article focuses on the impact of human activities on physical and social environments in the U.S. It talks about the requirements to the adaptation to the natural environment and causes of population fluctuation in human societies. The article also emphasizes the cultural ecology of nomadic pastoralists who laid a foundation for a correct ecological understanding of the adaptation including the tendency for nomads to make extremely fine calibrations of resources and to use available and friable-marginal resources in rotation.

The article focuses on the outline of some of the principles and explore ways in which film made by ethnographic team in the U.S. The aim of ethnographic film is to preserve in the mind of the viewer that the structure of the events is recording as interpreted by the participants which is a difficult task. Editing is another selection process and a second restructuring known as skillful editing can lead an audience to almost any desired conclusion. According to tradition, filmmaking has fallen into three basic methodological categories namely objective recording, scripting and reportage.

The article discusses the classifications of genetic relationships in Bloomington, Indiana. The stability in method, theory and results of genetic relationship classification in the better known language families has been generalized as characteristic of genetic classifications for most of the world in contrast to fluctuations in method and theory which results in synchronic or noncomparative linguistic work. A characteristic language families for each of the three regions that are considered here have long been recognized what is new in present phylogenetic groupings is the production of extensive cognate support for external relations of one language family.

The article focuses on the aim to select titles that illustrate theoretical and research trends in studies of mythology and folk in the U.S. The terms mythology and folklore are often linked together in both lay and academic discourse. Mythology is an independent study devoted to Greek and Roman myths which had broadened to cover myths of people but had lost its status as a separate branch of learning and become an adjunct to several subdivisions of the humanities and social sciences. The sign of the coming of age of folklore studies is the appearance of historical and biographical explorations.

The article focuses on the review of the child language in Chicago, Illinois. The language of the child involves more than just naming and more than just words for perceptions where a child follows semantic principles which demonstrate consistency but which often prove difficult for adults to state. A claim that motivates acquisition research is not simply that children learn an adult system of language but at speech displays as a series of evolutionary systems and constructions that lead to adult grammar.

The article presents the changing styles of anthropological work during wartime in the U.S. There had been enormous growth of institutions devoted to anthropological enterprise as influenced by the immediate post-World War. The article mentions that anthropologists learned that their skills could be applied to problems affecting modern societies and the deliberations of national governments and nation states. Anthropology can take several directions with an increased interest in professional careers that involve professional competence in related fields.

The article emphasizes on the issues related to social and political movements that challenges the theory and method of anthropology in the U.S. The movement is referred to social and political phenomena which involves the large-scale social changes and new forms of human distress that resulted after industrialism accompanied capitalism. The article mentions a comprehensive survey and analysis on political problems by anthropologists that demonstrates the progress toward solving the conceptual problems affecting the development of political anthropology.

The article offers information about the generalizing models of structure, system, and process for ordering relationships among the cultural data, in the spirit of this modern effort in science. Furthermore, it presents information on the progress in the field of anthropology as well as an explanation of the science of anthropology, the impacts of culture on man's special behavior, and the views of sociologists on anthropology. The author also includes the study of the small but growing tradition within anthropology which is constructing the behavioral, not formal or mental, structures and processes for the social reality of culture, which are operational in defining and empirical but generative in ordering the data.

The article presents a literature review that discusses the position of structuralism in cultural anthropology. This literature provides a definition of structuralism against the background of other anthropological approaches, as well as a background of cultural anthropology, the theoretical summary of cultural anthropology and the significance of transformational analysis. This review is divided into five chapters of which the first discusses the proposed definition of structuralism as it focuses on the formal cause, the web of relationships between terms related to biological components, their origins, and their actual social functions.

The article presents a literature review that explores the study of systems of kin classification, which has occupied a prominent place in anthropological theory. It discusses the study of the different systems of kin classification, the meaning of kinship semantic terms, the causes of the origin of kinship terms and the importance of polysemy. To narrow down the range of the study, the author only considered the works of a few scholars who have dealt with a wide range of topics and whose writings have significantly influenced the work of other anthropologists.

The article presents a literature review exploring the developments and relevance of ethnoscience in 1972. It further incorporates an explanation of the term ethnoscience, a description of the convergence of ethnoscience, and some comments and problems of ethnoscience. This literature also presents a diagram that summarizes the convergence of ethnoscience, generative semantics, computer simulation of semantic information processing, and some aspects of sociolinguistics or the ethnography of speaking.

The article presents a literature review exploring the importance of social strategies and social relationships. Furthermore, it talks about the relation between social strategies and social relationships, the description of social strategies, and the views of sociologists on social strategies. The first section of this review deals with social strategy as a plan of action related to an aggregate of people while the second section deals with concepts of reciprocity, dyadic ties, networks, and transactions which form a dynamic basis for the evolution of adaptive strategies. This second section also includes a summary review of game theory and related concepts of exchange theory.

The article explores the theory underlying the relationship between environment, subsistence, and society, which have been factors of the constant and chief concerns of anthropology. Furthermore, it discusses the role of this relationship in anthropology, the adoption of a holistic approach to a complex system, and the logic of systematic explanations. This literature review also examines the developments which relate to this area including the new methods and techniques that are emerging and the substantive knowledge has been brought forth. The author maintains a close attention to some studies which although focus primarily on subsistence activities, also utilize methodological innovations which promise to aid the more integrated studies.

The article presents a literature review that focuses on the argument that archaeology is in the pre-paradigm stage, but there are indications that the first explicit paradigm is already in the process of being developed. It centers on the discussion of the importance of environment, subsistence and society in the changing archaeological perspective. Furthermore, the literature presents the history of a pre-paradigm, the change in goals, and the criticism of a new paradigm. It also explains the coherent direction of the particular trends of archaeological research involving environment, subsistence, and society, as compared in other areas the archaeological research seems to be directed towards idiosyncratic goals and is a haphazard quilt of patches.

The article presents a review of several published materials concerned with the analysis of pattern in the physical remains of human settlement. This literature review discusses the historical development of settlement pattern concept in archaeology, major accomplishments and future needs of settlement pattern analysis in archaeology, and the results of settlement pattern studies. Though the study focuses on the prehistoric settlements, it has also dealt with studies which focus on physical traces of occupation, whatever their status with respect to historical documentation. However, the author did not discuss the literature on settlement of industrialized societies at the nation-state level, as well as the locational geography, plant ecology, or animal ecology.

The article presents a review of literature concerning archaeological dating as well as a discussion of the three major objectives of archaeological dating including phasing, determination of relative age, and chronometric dating. The discipline of archaeology has experienced the increasing sophisticated scientific methodology manifested in the rapid development of archaeological dating. The author finds the important developments in archaeological dating represented in contributions in the biological, physical, chemical, and mathematical sciences. In this literature review, a good portion written by several specialists outside archaeology have been considered.