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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with various human diseases, including cancer, and developing vaccines is a cost-efficient strategy to prevent HPV-related disease. The major capsid protein L1, which an increasing number of studies have confirmed is typically expressed early in infection, is a promising antigen for such a vaccine, although the E6 and E7 proteins have been characterized more extensively. Thus, the L1 gene from HPV16 was inserted into a recombinant vector, AdHu5, and MVA viral vectors, and administered by prime-boost immunization. Virus-like particles were used as control antigens. Our results indicate that prime-boost immunization with heterologous vaccines induced robust and sustained cellular and humoral response specific to HPV16 L1. In particular, sera obtained from mice immunized with DNA + DNA + Ad + MVA had excellent antitumor activity in vivo. However, the data also confirm that virus-like particles can only elicit low levels cellular immunity and not be long-lasting, and are therefore unsuitable for treatment of existing HPV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A chicken fibroblast cell line stably overexpressing gga-miRNA-21 was established. [•] IBDV replication is suppressed in chicken fibroblasts overexpressing gga-miR-21. [•] IBDV genome segment B (VP1) nt1713–1734 is a gga-miR-21 target sequence. [•] IBDV VP1 protein but not mRNA is suppressed in gga-miR-21 overexpressing cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]