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This paper analyses Foucault's thesis of the reduction of philosophy to a form of knowledge in Descartes and the consequent abandonment of classical spirituality, that is, of philosophy conceived as a way of life based on self-care. From here, as well as observing that Foucault himself will qualify this thesis, it will be shown that in Descartes philosophy is still essentially linked to spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is an attempt to show that the philosophical distinction between "rational being" and "use of reason" lies at the core of Francisco de Vitoria's position and offers the legitimacy foundation for its political-legal development. A careful examination and analysis of Vitoria's Relectiones brings to light a variety of arguments (anthropological-philosophical, epistemological, and ethical), all of which presuppose a universal concept of human being. The analysis reveals that such concept serves, in turn, as the foundation for a universal concept of law, which concerns every human being, and explains why the Vitorian view would reach global acceptance and repercussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacques Derrida's philosophy is known for being methodologically structured by the question of inheritance as a general form of historicity, which implies a complication of the traditional ways of understanding historical time. In this paper we show how this way of conceiving historicity in terms of inheritance and tradition is shaped by three developmental phases: first, it has its antecedents in Husserl's phenomenology; subsequently, it is developed through the notions of trace and mourning, in relation to Levinas, Freudian psychoanalysis, and Hegel's philosophy; finally, it is formulated as a logic of haunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will try to demonstrate how two fundamental notions in Levinas' ethics, the of idea God and responsibility, can be understood respectively as actual and potential infinity, according to the classic distinction suggested by Aristotle. In addition, I will show that both infinities can exist (something that classical metaphysics did not admit) as long as they are comprehended from an ethics of alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this monograph is to create crossed dialogs or to recover some of the dialogs that are the warp and woof of Levinas and Derrida's thought. This polyphonic issue offers the opportunity to listen to some of the voices with, against, from, by, for which these two philosophers of otherness wrote. Thus, those who read the papers included in this monograph will not find articles that are dual or marked by binomials. Instead, they will be confronted with possibilities, traces, faces, debts, duels, ghosts, and alterities that speak from the margins with others about the other. They will find crossed dialogs on otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship of the French philosopher Roland Barthes (1915-1980) to religion, specifically Christianity. For this purpose, I will examine the presence of religion as motivation, object, and theme in Barthes’s philosophical works as well as some of his personal writings. In conclusion, I will show that Christianity is present throughout his work and has importance for understanding his perspective as an author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his Expositio in XII libros Meta-physicae Aristotelis Antonius Andreas offers a Scotist alternative to the homonymous work by Aquinas and in so doing attempts to surpass it. In the Expositio Andreas refutes some interpretations of Thomas Aquinas. The aim of our paper is to analyze Bartolomeo Spina’s response to Andreas’ criticisms. The Defensiones by Spina were published in 1517 and were later integrated into the Commentaria in XII libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis by Aquinas that Spina edited several times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the historical evolution of the anthropology of gender from its birth to the present day. It shows how this anthropology cannot give an integral answer to the question of who the person is because the anthropology of gender exclusively bases its studies on the category of sexuality. Therefore, it cannot be considered a philosophical anthropology because it forgets the other powers and dimensions of the human being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the question of transcendentals and their possible distinction attracted the attention of thinkers of the thirteenth century. However, this task was carried out in different ways. In the case of the Summa Halensis, the criterion used to make this distinction not only defines each transcendental separately, but also incorporates them into a single soteriological plane. This paper deals with both aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the difficult and often aporetic relation between place and space in late Heidegger, taking the works following Sein und Zeit. We understand space as spacing, understood from the open and therefore from the Clearing as un-concealment of truth in a place. The place of unconcealment is thereby defined as the work of art, which Heidegger defines as "poem." In this sense, we suggest that place constitutes a dimension of language, and therefore space must be understood as the linguistic making-room for human dwelling, even if place as space of language turns out to be an impossible place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper approaches the central aspects of Husserl's conception of volitional consciousness, concentrating on its structure, its modalities and its ethical implications. After dealing with the fundamental traits of the early phenomenology of will, we address its meaning from the point of view of practical reason, emphasising the relationship between the will and practical possibility. Finally, we go deeper in the analysis of this relationship by taking into account Husserl's late ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the status of form in the book Zeta of the Metaphysics from the perspective of contemporary debates. For this purpose, the paper discusses critical passages that led to the interpretation of Aristotelian forms in terms of particularity or universality. The aim is to determine if form in Aristotle is particular, i.e. unique and peculiar, or universal, i.e. common and shared by several individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to expound the precise meaning and the systematic coherence of one of the most important tenets of Max Scheler's philosophical anthropology: his claim that every human being, as a spiritual being, has an „individual value-essence" that makes him different from any other human being. The last section of the paper traces the Romantic origin of this aspect of Scheler's anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to defend the unity of Husserl's philosophical work as a defense of a special "position" that belongs to the human being and which uniquely enables us to engage in science and other cultural activities. The argument proceeds in three stages: fi rst, it connects Husserl's earliest work, especially his opposition to the positivist Zeitgeist, with his late work; next, it critiques some of the most persistent prejudices in the interpretation of his philosophy; fi nally, from this newly reconstructed point of view, it describes basic concepts of the phenomenological method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer a basic analysis of the peculiar kind of intentionality involved in the experience of joy. First, I deal with the two meanings of joy. Secondly, I point out some questions related to the object of joy and with the rightness or legitimacy of this experience. Thirdly, I refer to the so-called "laws of joy." Lastly, I offer some thoughts on the relation between joy and alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies affective intentionality in Max Scheler, showing that the "phenomenology of values" does not only deal with values but also includes a complete theory of the good. In this theory, Scheler performs a genetic analysis that begins with the Sache (understood as wertvolles Ding, valuable thing) in order to define the notions of Ding (theoretical thing) and Gut (the good), understood as Wertding (thing of value). This approach indicates the possibility of improving on classic descriptions of the good and offers an interesting alternative to current "pragmatist" proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper carries out a review of Ortega y Gasset’s complex and changing ideas of theory and practice. After the early years during which theory held a predominant position, as Ortega’s thought entered into a more mature phase in the 1930s —and especially after his thorough treatment of technique— the practical dimension rose to prominence. We will defend the view that Ortega’s proposal to understand radical reality as quehacer (taskto- do) constitutes an attempt to overcome this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will present some fundamental guidelines of Hegelian thought in the period indicated with respect to the relationship between logic and metaphysics and the problem of an introduction to philosophy. In texts of the years between 1797 and 1802, we can observe the evolution of two key concepts --contradiction and antinomy-- and their implications for Hegel's incipient systematic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that medieval gnoseology is realist, this paper examines one of its features. Through a study of Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, q. 84, a. 1 and Henry of Ghent, Suma, a. 1, q. 1, we try to show how certain gnoseological problems are solved by using the argument that assumes our cognitive faculties serve to know the reality as it is. We specially focus on Henry of Ghent, who uses it in order to invalidate the question of the possibility of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I propose to conceive of forgiveness as a process of eliminating punitive reactive attitudes, which makes up part of the offended person's willingness to reestablish a certain type of reciprocal relationship with the offender. Distinguishing among types of reciprocity allows us to realize that forgiveness is a more varied phenomenon than is usually assumed in the philosophical literature, as well as to understand why the dispute concerning the gratuitousnessconditionality of forgiveness is meaningless. En este artículo propongo concebir al perdón como un proceso de eliminación de las actitudes reactivas de sanción, que constituye parte de la disposición del ofendido para restablecer determinado tipo de relación de reciprocidad con el ofensor. Distinguir entre tipos de reciprocidad permite reconocer que el perdón es un fenómeno más heterogéneo de lo que suele darse por sentado en la literatura fi losófi ca, así como entender por qué no tiene sentido la disputa gratuidadcondicionalidad del perdón. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address and explore the Ortegian concept of authenticity. Life is a work that each person has to discover and conquer. This means that its fullness is inseparable from concepts such as "destiny", "project", "mission" or "duty". For Ortega, it is a matter of betting on a vital path that lives up to our best intentions, of examining and valuing the moral caliber of personal life. We suggest how Ortega's proposal could be adjusted to the contemporary context by taking into account some of the most relevant developments with respect to notions of subject and ego, which seem to be haunted by forces that prevent them from having absolute sovereignty over themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis situs is a geometrical project developed by Leibniz during his years in Paris. The aim of this paper is to outline the notion of "situational structure" through the main ideas of the analysis situs. This notion should explain the relation between this geometrical project and his metaphysics, dynamics and the infinitesimal calculus. This should shed some light on some important Leibnizian notions such as infinitesimals, impetus and conatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study analyzes John Marenbon's thesis concerning the continuing significance of the History of Medieval Philosophy, especially as this thesis contributes to the current debate about the contribution of history of the History of Philosophy. To contextualize and clarify Marenbon's approach to the issue, this paper examines both the explicit sources of his argument as well as other implicit sources supporting it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the sociopolitical concepts of Eugenio Ímaz Echeverría previous to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. The following topics are examined: (a) the context of his academic and intellectual socialization; his writings during this period, including (b) translations and (c) prefaces, reviews and essays; and, fi nally, (d) the basic character of this work considered as a political philosophy. The contribution of the present study is to consider Ímaz's intellectual work as a catalyst for a certain type of political ontology which can be classified as left-wing romantic decisionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not clear what Aristotle means when he states that virtue is a mean between two extremes in respect of its essence, but an extreme from the perspective of the good. This paper explains some of the premises of the Aristotelian theory of virtue that can be found in Aspasius' commentary and have since been neglected by the interpretive tradition, while at the same time indicating what problems remain despite Aspasius' explanatory attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with Heidegger's critique of traditional metaphysics, according to which metaphysics is cast as "ontotheology", i.e., as the logic of being in general and of God in particular, this paper attempts to elucidate the pertinence of this critique to medieval metaphysics. The analysis shows that Heidegger, infl uenced by the perspective of late Scholasticism, errs in his interpretation of its doctrines, so that the aforementioned critique does not apply in generalized way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discuss whether the concept "soft naturalism" used by Habermas to define his explanation of freedom and moral consciousness is compatible with his earlier thought. To do so, it will be showed a chronological view of Habermas's arguments against scientism, secondly Habermas's traditional explanation of moral consciousness will be outlined, and finally it will be argued that this explanation is incompatible with the position of "soft naturalism". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Natorp argues that the problem of method is the fundamental question of philosophy. However, this representative of Neo-Kantianism proposes two apparently irreconcilable methodological requirements: a) philosophy should be a fi rst science that is independent of any other and, b) philosophy must start from the fact of science. The aim of this paper is to clarify how these two methodological requirements are combined in Natorp’s system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Francisco Suarez's doctrine on human nature capacity to reach its ultimate natural and supernatural end, as explained in his De fine ultimo hominis, Disputationes XV and XVI. As a commentator on Aquinas's Summa Theologiae, Suarez deals with the debate intensified from the XIVth century onward concerning whether there is or not in human nature a capacity to achieve the supernatural ultimate end, based on theologians' different interpretation of Aquinas's doctrine on the subject. Focused on the way Suarez grasps the problem of human happiness either natural or supernatural, the paper analyses Suarez's concept of natura pura and emphasizes his doctrine on the aforementioned debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to argue that Francisco Suárez doctrine of potency and act should be regarded as an Aristotelian account. I shall revise Suárez's notions of predicamental and transcendental potency and act in order to compare them to Aristotle's account of d??aµ??, ?????e?a and ??te???e?a. Then, I will argue that Suárez's position should not be considered as a reductionist account in which potency is reduced to act, but rather as an attempt to spell out the meaning of Aristotle's doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the economic ideas of Francisco Suárez. Although the relevant passages are scattered throughout his work, it can be shown that Suárez addressed the right of private property. In addition, Suárez examined fi scal issues in the book V of the treaty De legibus ac Deo legislatore. These are two of the least explored topics in Suárez's legal philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the kind of knowledge that language requires, this paper examines the apparent confl ict between two Fregean contributions: first, the priority of the communicative role of language and second, a theory of meaning that seems to embrace the kind of psychologism rejected by Frege. The article defends that language is a tool for communication rather than a vehicle of thought, examines Frege's theory of meaning in connection with the notions of "linguistic act," "phrase," "sense," and "force," and holds that language speakers need both practical skill (know-how) and implicit knowledge of linguistic rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Salomon Maimon's commentary on Kant's attempt to link sensibility and understanding. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant marks out two faculties of knowledge, which must be united in order to make objective knowledge possible. Maimon doubts that the connection is feasible. After discussing Kant's starting point, the paper analyzes Maimon's arguments, laying out the systematic difficulties which would affect the intent of Kantian unification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This second volume on Ontology and Freedom contains a second set of six papers presented at the 46th Reuniones Filosoficas of the University of Navarra, held in April 2009. These papers, as well as those published in the previous volume (XLII/2-2009), analyze the concept of freedom from both a historical and a systematic perspective, and from different philosophical traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This unpublished work is the written version of a paper presented to philosophy teachers which develops some of the ideas of his work El interés por la verdad. According to Millán-Puelles' view, our interest in truth is twofold: cognitive and communicative. This paper deals with the first of these two interests, our ¡nterest in truth, and in particular some of its moral aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This volume collects 6 papers delivered at the 46th Reuniones Filosóficas of the University of Navarra (27-29 April 2009). The rest of the papers will be published in one of the following issues of Anuario. From different perspectives, these papers deal with the metaphysical problem of freedom. Freedom is both historically and systematically treated, covering a wide range of related topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines one aspect of the problem of the relationship between nature and freedom. The expression "surrogate concept of freedom" is usually employed to refer to any notion which, whether accepting or rejecting the concept of freedom, explains both human being and human agency as a natural mechanism. After testing the viability of this view, this paper will reject it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will try to show the meaning of the expression, "hermeneutics in St. Bonaventure" . The goal is not to make a hermeneutic reading of Bonaventurian thought but rather to inquire from the standpoint of intellectual history whether Bonaventure can be said to have developed a "hermeneutic theology" or, better yet, a "theological hermeneutic". To answer this question, we present a reading of Breviloquium's Prologue. Certainly it is the most important text to show us how Bonaventure used a hermeneutic approach to present theological science as method of understanding based in Holy Scripture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the phenomenology of Inferiority In Augustine as a direct forerunner of modern and existential approaches to the self-presence of subjectivity. First, It considers the Augustlnlan concept of cogito, for which Augustine has been labelled the first modern thinker. Second, the article examines the Confessions In conversation with texts of Kierkegaard's and Heidegger's reading of Confessions. Three variants of existential hermeneutics emerge from this conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Aquinas, formally speaking, the divine exemplarity depends on ideas existing in the mind of Cod. However, to interpret this statement within the context of Trinitarian monotheism requires consideration of the exemplary condition of both the divine essence and the personal Logos. It is necessary, therefore, to reflect on two pairings simultaneously: essenceideas and Logos-ideas. The first is clarified by studying divine knowledge, the other by analysing the manifestation of creatures through the divine Word. This paper explores these two sets of ideas independently and in relation to one another in order to show their harmonic convergence in the Thomistic maxim: Deus est primum exemplar omnium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers arguments in the Summa aurea of William of Auxerre (circa 1215-1229) concerning the nature of reason in its directive function of human action and the presence of rationality in the universe as a whole. From acritical-exegetic perspective, this study examines the synergy of Hellenistic sources with Roman legal teachings and developments of the Augustinian tradition that William of Auxerre questions calls into question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study the a priori consciousness of oneself as a corporeal being that emerges from the Kantian critical theory of space. First, we analyze several passages from the "Transcendental Aesthetic." Second, we address the "Leningrad Reflection." Both texts allow us to elucidate a mode of a priori consciousness whose thematic object is the subject's own body in its formal aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well-known fact that Kant states that we cannot have full knowledge of ourselves qua noumena. However this is not all that he has to say concerning self-knowledge. He also claims that what makes knowledge of ourselves qua noumena impossible is also what makes other forms of self-knowledge possible, including some forms in which we achieve full certainty. In this paper I deal with these claims in order to analyze how this complex model is at work in Kant's practical philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will discuss different senses of Kant's notion of life and the types of self-consciousness associated with them. I will point out that this association is a key element to consider when assessing the Kantian theory of self-consciousness as a whole and in this context I will specially emphasize the role played by the feeling of life described by Kant in the Critique of Judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to prove that the arguments of scholars who sustain the objectivity of the attributes are extremely weak, and that textual evidence as well as genealogical research on the concept of attribute in the Kabbalah lead us to conclude, on the contrary, that attributes are mere instruments by which infinite and finite intellects conceive Cod as a being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study how Thomas Aquinas analyzes the vice of acedia as taedium operandiin Summa Theologiae 11-11, q. 35. We will inquire systematic and doctrinal subjects where Aquinas develops this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role of individuality in the origin of suffering in Arthur Schopenhauer's works at three levels: on a metaphysical level, as it pertains to intelligible character; on an empirical level, as it pertains to the role of personality; and on an intellectual level, as it pertains to the individual's degree of conscious influence on pain. Finally some implications of this seminal role of individuality in relation to suffering are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, on the basis of some untranslated works by Heidegger, we present a dialogue between Martin Heidegger and Ernst Jünger from which we are able to formulate a critique of modernity as experienced through the First Word War, the paradigmatic manifestation of a world dominated by technique and labor. Heidegger intends to think what Jünger could and could not see: the metaphysical foundation of an era that expands in the calculating manner of technical domination, and which manifests itself especially in its political, warlike and technical phenomena. The discussion between both authors allows us to diagnose nihilism at the end of western modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]