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Heavy metal contaminated wastewater is difficult to treat, and trace amounts of heavy metals can produce toxic effects. In order to provide a more reliable basis for controlling heavy metal pollution, modified carbonized straw was used to adsorb Cr6+ in this study, and the optimal adsorption conditions and adsorption effects of Cr6+ were studied. Finally, the adsorption kinetics and adsorption activation thermodynamics were analyzed and studied. The results showed that the iodine adsorption value of carbonized wheat straw modified using FeCl2 activation method was the highest at 1161.15 mg/g. The response surface method can be used to optimize the adsorption conditions of Cr6+ adsorbed by modified carbonized straw and predict the optimal conditions for Cr6+ adsorption. Experiments showed that the actual value was in agreement with the predicted value, indicating that the response surface methodology was feasible to optimize the adsorption of Cr6+ by modified carbonized straw. In the kinetic analysis, the Elovich equation could better describe the adsorption of Cr6+ by modified carbonized wheat straw, and its fitting degree exceeded 0.91. In the analysis of thermodynamic parameters, ΔH > 0, ΔG < 0, indicating that the adsorption of Cr6+ by modified wheat straw was a spontaneous endothermic process. During the adsorption process, ΔS > 0, indicating that the adsorption of Cr6+ by modified carbonized wheat straw increased the disorder of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]