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2. Opportunities and criticisms of voluntary emission reduction projects developed by Public Administrations: Analysis of 143 case studies implemented in Italy.
- Author
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Gallo, Michela, Del Borghi, Adriana, Strazza, Carlo, Parodi, Lara, Arcioni, Livia, and Proietti, Stefania
- Subjects
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EMISSION control , *CLIMATE change , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *EMISSIONS trading ,UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) - Abstract
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. Besides the “flexibility mechanisms” defined by the Kyoto Protocol to lower the overall costs of achieving their emissions targets, The Voluntary Green House Gases (GHG) reduction projects can have a lead role in GHG reduction in “non Emissions Trading System ETS sectors”. Nowadays, the voluntary market is characterised by critical aspects, such as fragmentation, lack of accounting, monitoring and validation rules that have led to the low spread of voluntary emission reduction projects developed by local authorities in the European Union despite their high potentiality. The aim of this paper is to test the applicability of voluntary emission reduction projects in the public sector following a homogeneous and consistent pattern. A research has been performed at local level on 143 voluntary emission reduction projects implemented by Public Administrations in Northern and Central Italy in renewable energy, energy efficiency and transport sectors. The applicable standards and methodologies have been checked and the case studies have been analysed though a three-step process: Preliminary additionality assessment; Projects selection; Validation of the selected project. The assessment shows that energy efficiency projects, once overcoming additionality issues, are the most promising for public entities while renewable energy and transport projects resulted to be mainly affected by double counting problems and lack of reliable methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The impact of emission trading scheme and the ratio of free quota: A dynamic recursive CGE model in China.
- Author
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Li, Wei and Jia, Zhijie
- Subjects
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EMISSIONS trading , *COMPUTABLE general equilibrium models , *GLOBAL warming , *CLIMATE change , *CARBON cycle , *GROSS domestic product - Abstract
To cope with global warming, China has promulgated Enhanced actions on climate change : China ’ s intended nationally determined contributions and will start the national carbon emissions trading market in 2017. Carbon emissions are distributed by the form of free quota and paid quota. However, few literatures have focused on how the economy and the environment would be changed by the change of free quota ratio. This paper establishes the 10 scenarios of different free quota ratio of carbon emissions rights and uses a dynamic, recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the carbon emissions trading market, to explore the relationship between free quota ratio and carbon trading price, and the impact of carbon trading scheme (ETS) on China’s economy and environment. The results show that free quota ratio will not have a direct impact on gross domestic product (GDP) and other economic and environment indicators but carbon trading prices. The prices and the rate of free payment in the current pilot cities in China are still relatively conservative. It is possible to reach emission peak, 8.21 billion ton, in 2025 and accumulative CO 2 reduction from 2017 to 2030 is 20.02 billion tons, or 59.60% of 2010 world’s total CO 2 emission. Cement, minerals, electricity and nonferrous metals under ETS will suffer great losses, so subsidy should be considered. Finally, we suggested that China should reduce the total carbon rights to increase the carbon price in 2017, and gradually reducing the proportion of free quota, from 90% in 2017 to 50% or less in 2030, by which the peak year of CO 2 emission can meet in 2025. We also suggest that ETS is an effective strategy for CO 2 reduction and the ratio should be gradually reduced in ETS to prevent violent fluctuation of carbon price in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The impact of Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and the choice of coverage industry in ETS: A case study in China
- Author
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Boqiang Lin and Zhijie Jia
- Subjects
Computable general equilibrium ,Government ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Commodity ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Environmental economics ,01 natural sciences ,Supply and demand ,General Energy ,Economy ,Carbon price ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economics ,Emissions trading ,China ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) is one of the most effective measures of emission reduction. However, few literatures have focused on the impact of the industry coverage in ETS. This paper constructs a recursive dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the choice of the coverage industries in China’s national ETS in 2017, and explore the impacts of ETS and the most suitable coverage industry for China. The results show that CO2 emission will reach its peak and stabilize by 2030 to meet the goal of “Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions”. The cumulative CO2 emission will reduce to 12.05 Bt-CO2 in ETS market during 2017–2030. Moreover, commodity prices will increase from 0.12 to 1.64% in different coverage scenarios. Carbon price can be guaranteed within a reasonable range if the rational choice of the Carbon Rights (CR) suppliers and demanders in ETS market is made by the government. This paper suggests that the industry covered in China’s ETS could imitate the patterns of EU Emissions Trading System (period I and period II) and Midwest Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord in the U.S., or seek another option to balance the demand and supply of CR in ETS market.
- Published
- 2017
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