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Traditional energy planning methods are mostly related to newly-built area. However, in most already-built regions, the existing district energy systems (DESs) need to be ameliorated due to insufficient capacity and low efficiency. This paper investigates the methodology of expansion planning, which can offer planners a viable way to expand existing DESs. The term “expansion” aims to increase the supply capacity of the energy forms, e.g., steam, hot water and electricity, which cannot be accessed from national or urban energy supply network, and meanwhile increase energy utilization efficiency and cut CO 2 emission. Three parts of the methodology, including problem analysis in current DESs, demand side analysis and the existing DES expansion, are introduced in this paper. New concepts of load structure and evaluation system of the whole district are proposed in this methodology. A case analysis of Ningbo Hi-Tech District, China is conducted to shed light on the application of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analysis of input–output energy and household expenditure data (IO-EA-expenditure), this paper calculates China’s indirect carbon emissions from residential consumption in 2002 and 2007, by region. Then a new Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) model is proposed to investigate the regional variations of impacts of urbanization, consumption ratio and consumption structure on residential indirect CO 2 emissions in China during 2002–2007. As the results suggest, expansion of urbanization and upgrade of consumption structure play important roles in the growth of residential indirect emissions. Transformation of consumption ratio, contributing the most to emissions in the eastern region, reduces indirect emissions in all regions to a certain extent. The persistent decline of carbon emission intensity still contributes significantly to the decrease in emissions and the rise of per capita consumption plays a dominant role in the growth of residential indirect emissions. Based on empirical results, this article provides policy suggestions which can help reduce China’s residential indirect CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To find the key impact factors of CO2 emissions to realize the carbon intensity target, this paper examined the impact factors of population, economic level, technology level, urbanization level, industrialization level, service level, energy consumption structure and foreign trade degree on the energy-related CO2 emissions in Guangdong Province, China from 1980 to 2010 using an extended STIRPAT model. We employed ridge regression to fit the extended STIRPAT model. Empirical results indicate that factors such as population, urbanization level, GDP per capita, industrialization level and service level, can cause an increase in CO2 emissions. However, technology level, energy consumption structure and foreign trade degree can lead to a decrease in CO2 emissions. The estimated elastic coefficients suggest that population is the most important impact factor of CO2 emissions. Industrialization level, urbanization level, energy consumption structure, service level and GDP per capita are also significant impact factors, but the other factors such as technology level and foreign trade degree are less important impact factors. Some policy recommendations are also given on how to mitigate the growth of CO2 emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]