14,737 results
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2. Paper-type membraneless enzymatic biofuel cells using a new biocathode consisting of flexible buckypaper electrode and bilirubin oxidase based catalyst modified by electrografting
- Author
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Kim, Seongjun, Ji, Jungyeon, and Kwon, Yongchai
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Static and dynamic modeling of steam integration for a NuScale small modular reactor and pulp and paper mill coupling for carbon-neutral manufacturing
- Author
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Worsham, Elizabeth K. and Terry, Stephen D.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. High-performance H2O2 paper fuel cell boosted via electrolyte toning and radical generation
- Author
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Luo, Shijing, Pan, Wending, Wang, Yifei, Zhao, Xiaolong, Wah Leong, Kee, and Leung, Dennis Y.C.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Simplified model of integrated paper mill for optimal bidding in energy and reserve markets
- Author
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Herre, Lars, Tomasini, Federica, Paridari, Kaveh, Söder, Lennart, and Nordström, Lars
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Parametric study and optimization of a low-cost paper-based Al-air battery with corrosion inhibition ability
- Author
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Wang, Yifei, Kwok, Holly Y.H., Pan, Wending, Zhang, Huimin, Lu, Xu, and Leung, Dennis Y.C.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Syngas production from co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of polystyrene and paper with CO2
- Author
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Déparrois, N., Singh, P., Burra, K.G., and Gupta, A.K.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Integrating process optimization with energy-efficiency scheduling to save energy for paper mills
- Author
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Zeng, Zhiqiang, Hong, Mengna, Li, Jigeng, Man, Yi, Liu, Huanbin, Li, Zeeman, and Zhang, Huanhuan
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Estimating carbon emissions from the pulp and paper industry: A case study
- Author
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Wang, Yutao, Yang, Xuechun, Sun, Mingxing, Ma, Lei, Li, Xiao, and Shi, Lei
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Pretreatment of recycled paper sludge with a novel high-velocity pilot cyclone: Effect of process parameters on convective drying efficiency
- Author
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Mäkelä, Mikko, Geladi, Paul, Larsson, Sylvia H., and Finell, Michael
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Methane potentials of the Swedish pulp and paper industry – A screening of wastewater effluents
- Author
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Ekstrand, Eva-Maria, Larsson, Madeleine, Truong, Xu-Bin, Cardell, Lina, Borgström, Ylva, Björn, Annika, Ejlertsson, Jörgen, Svensson, Bo H., Nilsson, Fredrik, and Karlsson, Anna
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Bioethanol production from various waste papers: Economic feasibility and sensitivity analysis
- Author
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Wang, Lei, Sharifzadeh, Mahdi, Templer, Richard, and Murphy, Richard J.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Optimization of process integration in a Kraft pulp and paper mill – Evaporation train and CHP system
- Author
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Mesfun, Sennai and Toffolo, Andrea
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Fixed bed downdraft gasification of paper industry wastes
- Author
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Ouadi, M., Brammer, J.G., Kay, M., and Hornung, A.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Simulating hydrothermal treatment of sludge within a pulp and paper mill.
- Author
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Mäkelä, Mikko and Yoshikawa, Kunio
- Subjects
- *
SLUDGE management , *PAPER industry , *HEAT treatment , *COMPUTER simulation , *BIOREACTORS - Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment of sludge within the pulp and paper industry can have a wide range of possible reactor solid loads for different sludge types. The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of reactor temperature and solid load on the properties of sludge hydrochar and to simulate hydrothermal treatment of sludge within a pulp and paper mill. Laboratory experiments were first performed within reactor temperature and solid load ranges of 180–260 °C and 10–50%, respectively, and the effects of sludge treatment were determined by comparing parallel mill-scale simulations. Based on the results, both reactor temperature and solid load had a statistically significant effect on the solid, ash, carbon and energy yields of sludge hydrochar. Increasing solid load minimized carbon dissolution to the liquid phase and increased the solid and energy yield of the attained hydrochar. According to mill-scale simulations in a 9 m 3 batch reactor, treating primary sludge alone produced an energy surplus of 22–36 GJ through char incineration, decreasing to 12–22 GJ and 3.4–9.1 GJ for mixed and secondary sludge, respectively. Mixing primary and secondary sludge reduced the overall energy surplus by 2–8% compared with treating the sludge streams separately in two reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Integrating process optimization with energy-efficiency scheduling to save energy for paper mills
- Author
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Mengna Hong, Zeeman Li, Yi Man, Huanhuan Zhang, Zhiqiang Zeng, Huanbin Liu, and Jigeng Li
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Job shop scheduling ,Computer science ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Scheduling (production processes) ,Particle swarm optimization ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,01 natural sciences ,Tissue paper ,General Energy ,Manufacturing ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Mill ,Process optimization ,Process engineering ,business ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
With the surging energy price and environmental concerns, measures to improve energy efficiency have attracted increasing concerns of the manufacture sector, especially energy-intensive manufacturing industries such as tissue paper mills. Energy-efficiency scheduling, as a novel energy-efficient method, has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers in recent years. Drying process is the most energy-intensive production process in tissue paper mills, which has a great energy-saving potential. This paper aims to reduce the energy costs for the tissue paper mill, consisting of processing energy cost and set-up energy cost, through integrating drying process optimization with energy-efficient scheduling. First, the energy cost model and the scheduling model were built. Then, the energy cost of the drying process of every job in a given scheduling problem was optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Afterwards, the energy cost was further optimized using energy-efficiency scheduling. In addition, a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was utilized to solve the energy-efficiency scheduling problem. Finally, several real scheduling problems from a real tissue paper mill were addressed using the proposed approach to demonstrate its effectiveness in energy saving. The experiment result showed that there is a great energy-saving potential in the drying process, accounting for up to 12.53% of the total energy consumption. Moreover, the maximum energy saving ratio of the proposed approach could reach 9.03%. On the whole, the proposed approach can provide a new energy-saving method for tissue paper mills or other manufacturing industries.
- Published
- 2018
17. Energy conversion strategies in the European paper industry – A case study in three countries
- Author
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Laurijssen, Jobien, Faaij, André, and Worrell, Ernst
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY conversion , *PAPER industry , *BIOMASS , *NATURAL gas , *CALORIC expenditure , *CARBON dioxide , *REDUCTION potential - Abstract
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry both uses and produces large amounts of energy and rising fuel prices bring along significant challenges to the sector. Several strategies can be applied in order to remain competitive e.g. an increase in energy efficiency, a switch in fuel and/or a novel energy conversion technology. In this study, we investigate if improved energy conversion strategies can reduce energy costs, primary energy use and CO2 emissions of paper mills within different European countries (The Netherlands, Poland and Sweden). Our results show that differences in history and availability of resources has led to different conversion strategies in the three countries. We found that a natural gas combined cycle, which is largely implemented in The Netherlands due to long term domestic availability of natural gas, has the lowest primary energy demand. Due to a long history of low electricity prices, CHP has not been common in Sweden. Many Swedish mills use biomass as an energy source and due to low CO2 emissions of the national grid the CO2 emission profile of the Swedish paper industry is very low. Our results imply that future conversion routes for the Swedish paper and board industry are again wood based; in case of increasing electricity prices these would be biomass gasification based CHP solutions. With a reduction of 800kg CO2/ton paper on average, a switch from coal to biomass would reduce CO2 emissions in the Polish pulp and paper industry with approximately 0.6Mton/year. A carbon price of 20–25€/ton would, according to our results, be enough to provoke this switch. Due to the high share of natural gas, the CO2 emission reduction potential of the Dutch paper industry (1.5Mton/year) is even larger than in Poland. Due to high biomass prices and relative low CO2 emission profile of natural gas, a carbon prices of more than 60€/ton CO2 would be needed to provoke a switch in The Netherlands. Provided with few alternatives, the most effective strategy in The Netherlands would be an increase in energy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Paper-type membraneless enzymatic biofuel cells using a new biocathode consisting of flexible buckypaper electrode and bilirubin oxidase based catalyst modified by electrografting
- Author
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Seongjun Kim, Jungyeon Ji, and Yongchai Kwon
- Subjects
General Energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Published
- 2023
19. Estimating carbon emissions from the pulp and paper industry: A case study
- Author
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Xuechun Yang, Mingxing Sun, Yutao Wang, Lei Shi, Xiao Li, and Lei Ma
- Subjects
Energy recovery ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Fossil fuel ,Environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Energy consumption ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,General Energy ,Greenhouse gas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Cleaner production ,Emission inventory ,business ,Black liquor ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry is a high energy consuming and polluting sector, and carbon emissions emitted from this sector are worthy of attention. This article, based upon an analysis of China’s Pulp and Paper Industry (CPPI), provides estimates of each of the following: carbon emissions from energy consumption, pre-treatment sector, combustion of condensed black liquor, and methane emitted from incomplete aerobic digestion during sewage treatment of CPPI. During the study period (2005–2012), total CO2 emissions ranged from 126.0 Mt to 155.4 Mt. Energy consumption was estimated to be the largest source of carbon emissions, however, due to the application of the local emission inventory rather than the IPCC inventory, energy consumption decreased by 4.7%, a lower percentage than was calculated in a previous study. According to this study’s estimation, the emissions caused by the recovery of biomass energy contributed 26–29% of the total CO2 emissions. CH4 generated from sewage treatment accounted for 9–11% of the total carbon emissions. The CO2 intensity dropped during the study period, which reflected the improvement of energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry. The outcome of this study provides not only detailed information about CPPI’s carbon emissions, but also a calculation framework for studying carbon emissions from pulp and paper sector in the other regions. It suggests that the local carbon emissions inventory should be used for estimating carbon emissions and to reduce the fossil fuel energy, increase energy recovery from biomass, and that promoting cleaner production is essential to achieve a low carbon development of the pulp and paper industry.
- Published
- 2016
20. Potential for reducing paper mill energy use and carbon dioxide emissions through plant-wide energy audits: A case study in China
- Author
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Kong, Lingbo, Price, Lynn, Hasanbeigi, Ali, Liu, Huanbin, and Li, Jigeng
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mills , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *ENERGY economics , *ENERGY consumption , *ENERGY conservation - Abstract
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide. In 2007, it accounted for 5% of total global industrial energy consumption and 2% of direct industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An energy audit is a primary step toward improving energy efficiency at the facility level. This paper describes a plant-wide energy audit aimed at identifying energy conservation and CO2 mitigation opportunities at a paper mill in Guangdong province, China. We describe the energy audit methods, relevant Chinese standards, methods of calculating energy and carbon indicators, baseline energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the audited paper mill, and nine energy-efficiency improvement opportunities identified by the audit. For each of the nine options, we evaluate the energy conservation and associated CO2 mitigation potential. The total technical energy conservation potential for these nine opportunities is 967.8terajoules (TJ), and the total CO2 mitigation potential is equal to 93,453tonnes CO2 annually, representing 14.4% and 14.7%, respectively, of the mill’s total energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the audit period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Energy information integration based on EMS in paper mill
- Author
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Wu, Bo, Li, Jigeng, Liu, Huanbin, Zhang, Zhanbo, Zhou, Yanming, and Zhao, Ning
- Subjects
- *
PAPER mills , *INFORMATION processing , *ENERGY management , *ENERGY conservation , *ENERGY consumption , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *PERFORMANCE evaluation - Abstract
Abstract: The systematic, transparent and accurate on-line energy information of the production process is quite the basis of mill energy management and conservation. An Energy Management System (EMS) was built according to the characteristics of the energy usage in a typical newsprint paper mill. The EMS first realized the process data acquisition and integration, second fulfilled the on-line energy information calculation from the integrated data. A water and steam properties query component based on IAPWS-IF97 was developed and plugged into the EMS to facilitate the energy calculation of water and steam. The practical performance in the paper mill showed that the integrated energy information of the whole mill was gained and the on-line energy supervisory was achieved. In the end a systematic, transparent and accurate energy usage profile is obtained and it would provide the valuable fundamental energy data for the further energy analysis and optimization in the EMS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Energy optimization in a pulp and paper mill cogeneration facility
- Author
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Marshman, D.J., Chmelyk, T., Sidhu, M.S., Gopaluni, R.B., and Dumont, G.A.
- Subjects
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PAPER mills , *PULP mills , *ENERGY management , *ELECTRIC power production , *PROFIT margins , *HEURISTIC , *DYNAMIC programming , *ENERGY development , *GENETIC algorithms - Abstract
Abstract: Alarmingly low pulp prices in early 2009 left pulp and paper mills across North America desperate for any way to improve thin profit margins. One solution that continues to gain popularity among the industry is improved energy management systems for cogeneration systems, which use steam for two purposes – to provide heat for the pulping process and to generate electricity for sale to regional providers. This paper presents an energy optimization algorithm for use in a pulp and paper mill cogeneration system. The algorithm is applicable to a number of popular mill configurations, power sale contracts, and fuel purchasing scenarios. The method is also extended to address weather-dependent cooling limitations encountered by a mill cogeneration facility, in which case an iterative solution is proposed in order to maintain convexity of the optimization problem. Results are presented in the form of three case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. High-solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis of waste papers for biofuel production
- Author
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Wang, Lei, Templer, Richard, and Murphy, Richard J.
- Subjects
- *
WASTE paper , *ENZYMATIC analysis , *HYDROLYSIS , *BIOMASS energy , *RAW materials , *SIZE reduction of materials - Abstract
Abstract: Waste papers (newspaper, office paper, magazines and cardboard in this study) with 50–73% (w/w oven dry weight) carbohydrate contents have considerable potential as raw materials for bioethanol production. A particle size reduction step of wet blending prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of newspaper was found to increase the glucan conversion efficiency by up to 10%. High-solids loading hydrolysis at 15% (w/w) of four types of paper using two enzyme alternatives, Celluclast 1.5L supplemented with Novozyme 188 and Cellic Ctec 1 (Novozymes A/S, Demark), at various enzyme concentrations were successfully performed in a lab-scale overhead-stirred reactor. This work has identified the relative saccharification performance for the four types of paper and shows office paper and cardboard to be more suitable for producing bioethanol than newspaper or magazine paper. The experimental data were also very well described by a modified, simple three parameter glucan and xylan hydrolysis model. These findings provide the possibility for incorporating this validated kinetic model into process designs required for commercial scale bioethanol production from waste paper resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Conduction mechanism analysis and modeling of different gas diffusion layers for PEMFC to improve their bulk conductivities via microstructure design.
- Author
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Ye, Lingfeng, Qiu, Diankai, Peng, Linfa, and Lai, Xinmin
- Subjects
- *
PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells , *CARBON paper - Abstract
Increasing the conductivity of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) is an important way to improve the output performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the complex porous fiber structures of GDLs significantly enhances the difficulty of quantitatively altering their conductivity which is determined by the carbon fibers and the conduction characteristics between fibers. In addition, the microstructures of various types of GDLs are different. Thus, it is a considerable challenge to explore the conductive mechanisms of these porous materials and optimize their structures to reduce their bulk resistances. In this work, a mathematical graph theory model that applies to the through-plane (T-P) bulk resistance prediction of two types of commonly used GDLs, carbon paper and carbon felt, is established to explain their different micro conduction mechanisms in depth. In addition to the number of fiber contact points, their distribution, as well as the resistance of the carbon fibers, are all important factors affecting the T-P conductivity. Optimizing fiber density and fiber diameter can significantly improve the T-P conductivity of carbon paper. In comparison, making the structure of carbon felt more compact so that the distribution of its contact points in the T-P direction can be more uniform will be more effective for the reduction of its T-P bulk resistance. Meanwhile, the T-P bulk resistance of carbon paper can also be effectively improved by optimizing the content and distribution of the binders. A method to decline the bulk resistance of carbon paper by aggregating the binders in the in-plane (I P) direction is proposed. The simulation results show that it can reduce the T-P bulk resistance of carbon paper by about 19.9% at a compressive stress of 1.5 MPa. This study provides further guidance for optimizing the structural designs of GDLs to optimize their conduction performance. • T-P bulk resistance prediction model suitable for different GDLs is constructed. • Micro conductivity mechanisms of carbon paper and carbon felt are compared. • Increasing fiber density and diameter improves carbon paper's T-P conductivity. • Making carbon felt's structure more compact can optimize its T-P conductivity. • To promote carbon paper's T-P conductivity by optimizing the binders inside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Parametric study and optimization of a low-cost paper-based Al-air battery with corrosion inhibition ability
- Author
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Holly Y.H. Kwok, Dennis Y.C. Leung, Xu Lu, Yifei Wang, Wending Pan, and Huimin Zhang
- Subjects
Battery (electricity) ,Materials science ,Paper battery ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Electrolyte ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Battery pack ,Cathode ,Corrosion ,law.invention ,Anode ,General Energy ,020401 chemical engineering ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,Process engineering ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
Conventional Al-air battery is not suitable for mini-watt applications due to bulky liquid storage and complex water management. To achieve successful simplification and miniaturization, an innovative paper-based Al-air battery is developed in this study, which employs cellulose paper as electrolyte substrate, low-grade Al foil as anode and carbon paper as cathode. Despite its simple structure and low cost, this battery achieves satisfactory power output together with high efficiency. With alkaline electrolyte, an open-circuit voltage of 1.6 V, a peak power density of 21 mW cm−2 and a specific capacity of 1273 mA h g−1 are obtained. With saline electrolyte, the battery can continuously work at 1 mA cm−2 for 5.6 h with only 3.5 mg Al. In addition, it is found that the paper-based electrolyte delivery can suppress Al corrosion in alkaline environment, enabling the direct utilization of low-grade Al resources. Moreover, the battery performance is improved by optimizing properties of its components, such as cathode catalyst, electrode area ratio and paper substrate thickness. Finally, a 5-cell battery pack is successfully developed, achieving an open-circuit voltage of 7.7 V and a stacking efficiency as high as 97%. By further scaling-up, this battery pack is successfully demonstrated for charging portable electronics.
- Published
- 2019
26. High-performance H2O2 paper fuel cell boosted via electrolyte toning and radical generation
- Author
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Shijing Luo, Wending Pan, Yifei Wang, Xiaolong Zhao, Kee Wah Leong, and Dennis Y.C. Leung
- Subjects
General Energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Published
- 2022
27. Syngas production from co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of polystyrene and paper with CO2
- Author
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Paramvir Singh, N. Déparrois, K. G. Burra, and Ashwani K. Gupta
- Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis ,Materials science ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Waste-to-energy ,Cracking ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Polystyrene ,Gas chromatography ,Char ,0204 chemical engineering ,Chemical composition ,Syngas - Abstract
Co-pyrolysis and CO2 co-gasification of paper and polystyrene blends in different mixture ratios were studied at 1173 K using a laboratory scale tube reactor and thermogravimetric analysis. The chemical composition and yield of the syngas produced was analyzed by a micro gas chromatograph to understand the influence of mixture components. Co-pyrolysis positively impacted the syngas yield exhibiting a synergistic influence on cracking reactions leading to increased gaseous yield having almost double the amounts of hydrogen yield. Co-gasification using CO2 increased the total gas yield with enhanced synergistic conversion. This effect provided a non-linear impact on the combustible gases in the gaseous yields when compared to the separate gasification of these feedstocks. The synergistic enhancement of co-pyrolysis conversion in paper-polystyrene led to lower char present for CO2 to react during CO2 co-gasification that lead to lower CO during the gasification of this blended char residue. The mixtures of paper with polystyrene provided increased product gas yields and enhanced conversion with an increase in polystyrene content. The results showed the effectiveness of producing high energy density syngas from co-gasification which can alleviate material handling issues present in segregation of waste, such as plastics and biomass providing uniform valuable product from diverse waste feedstocks with minimal need for classification.
- Published
- 2019
28. Stepwise pyrolysis of mixed plastics and paper for separation of oxygenated and hydrocarbon condensates
- Author
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Nanta Sophonrat, Linda Sandström, Weihong Yang, and Ilman Nuran Zaini
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Wax ,Materials science ,Municipal solid waste ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Polyethylene ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,Hydrocarbon ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,visual_art ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Char ,Polystyrene ,Cellulose ,Pyrolysis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Mixed plastics and papers are two of the main fractions in municipal solid waste which is a critical environmental issue today. Recovering energy and chemicals from this waste stream by pyrolysis is one of the favorable options to achieve a circular economy. While pyrolysis products from plastics are mainly hydrocarbons, pyrolysis products from paper/biomass are highly oxygenated. The different nature of the two pyrolysis products results in different treatments and applications as well as economic values. Therefore, separation of these two products by multi-step pyrolysis based on their different decomposition temperatures could be beneficial for downstream processes to recover materials, chemicals and/or energy. In this work, stepwise pyrolysis of mixed plastics and paper waste was performed in a batch type fixed bed reactor using two different pyrolysis temperatures. Neat plastic materials (polystyrene, polyethylene) and cellulose mixtures were used as starting materials. Then, the same conditions were applied to a mixed plastics and paper residue stream derived from paper recycling process. The condensable products were analyzed by GC/MS. It was found that pyrolysis temperatures during the first and second step of 350 and 500 °C resulted in a better separation of the oxygenated and hydrocarbon condensates than when a lower pyrolysis temperature (300 °C) was used in the first step. The products from the first step were derived from cellulose with some heavy fraction of styrene oligomers, while the products from the second step were mainly hydrocarbons derived from polystyrene and polyethylene. This thus shows that stepwise pyrolysis can separate the products from these materials, although with some degree of overlapping products. Indications of interaction between PS and cellulose during stepwise pyrolysis were observed including an increase in char yield, a decrease in liquid yield from the first temperature step and changes in liquid composition, compared to stepwise pyrolysis of the two materials separately. A longer vapor residence time in the second step was found to help reducing the amount of wax derived from polyethylene. Results from stepwise pyrolysis of a real waste showed that oxygenated and acidic products were concentrated in the liquid from the first step, while the product from the second step contained a high portion of hydrocarbons and had a low acid number.
- Published
- 2018
29. Pretreatment of recycled paper sludge with a novel high-velocity pilot cyclone: Effect of process parameters on convective drying efficiency
- Author
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Sylvia H. Larsson, Paul Geladi, Mikko Mäkelä, and Michael Finell
- Subjects
Convection ,Engineering ,Waste management ,Moisture ,Biosolids ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Airflow ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,General Energy ,Scientific method ,Cyclone ,business ,Resource recovery - Abstract
To address the growing need for economically viable sludge processing technologies and associated resource recovery, a novel convective high-velocity pilot cyclone was set-up at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Umea, Sweden. In essence this process entails feeding (⩽900 kg h−1) a material to a heated high-velocity air flow (approx. 13 × 103 m3 h−1) allowing moisture removal at low temperatures. This equipment is expected to improve drying of challenging industrial sludge materials when used as a pretreatment method prior to further processing. Modeling results based on an experimental campaign on recycled paper mill sludge indicated that efficient drying with a specific energy consumption of ⩽1–1.2 kWh kg−1 H2O can be achieved with inlet air temperature levels ⩾40 °C coupled with respective feeding capacity of ⩽750 kg h−1.
- Published
- 2014
30. Methane potentials of the Swedish pulp and paper industry – A screening of wastewater effluents
- Author
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Fredrik Nilsson, Bo H. Svensson, Anna Karlsson, Lina Cardell, Ylva Borgström, Madeleine Larsson, Xu-bin Truong, Eva-Maria Ekstrand, Annika Björn, and Jörgen Ejlertsson
- Subjects
Waste management ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Pulp (paper) ,Social Sciences ,Samhällsvetenskap ,Biogas ,Anaerobic digestion ,Kraft pulp ,Chemical thermo-mechanical pulp ,Neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulp ,Bleaching ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,Pulp and paper industry ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,Kraft process ,Wastewater ,engineering ,Effluent ,Kraft paper - Abstract
With the final aim of reducing the energy consumption and increase the methane production at Swedish pulp and paper mills, the methane potential of 62 wastewater effluents from 10 processes at seven pulp and/or paper mills (A-G) was determined in anaerobic batch digestion assays. This mapping is a first step towards an energy efficient and more sustainable utilization of the effluents by anaerobic digestion, and will be followed up by tests in lab-scale and pilot-scale reactors. Five of the mills produce kraft pulp (KP), one thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP), two chemical thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and two neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulp. Both elementary and total chlorine free (ECF and TCF, respectively) bleaching processes were included. The effluents included material from wood rooms, cooking and oxygen delignification, bleaching (often both acid- and alkali effluents), drying and paper/board machinery as well as total effluents before and after sedimentation. The results from the screening showed a large variation in methane yields (percent of theoretical methane potential assuming 940 NmL CH4 per g TOC) among the effluents. For the KP-mills, methane yields above 50% were obtained for the cooking effluents from mills D and F, paper machine wastewater from mill D, condensate streams from mills B, E and F and the composite pre-sedimentation effluent from mill D. The acidic ECF-effluents were shown to be the most toxic to the AD-flora and also seemed to have a negative effect on the yields of composite effluents downstream while three of the alkaline ECF-bleaching effluents gave positive methane yields. ECF bleaching streams gave higher methane yields when hardwood was processed. All TCF-bleaching effluents at the KP mills gave similar degradation patterns with final yields of 10-15% of the theoretical methane potential for four of the five effluents. The composite effluents from the two NSSC-processes gave methane yields of 60% of the theoretical potential. The TMP mill (A) gave the best average yield with all six effluents ranging 40-65% of the theoretical potential. The three samples from the CTMP process at mill B showed potentials around 40% while three of the six effluents at mill G (CTMP) yielded 45-50%.
- Published
- 2013
31. Thermal energy storage: An overview of papers published in Applied Energy 2009–2018
- Author
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Yan, J., primary and Yang, X., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Stepwise pyrolysis of mixed plastics and paper for separation of oxygenated and hydrocarbon condensates.
- Author
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Sophonrat, Nanta, Sandström, Linda, Zaini, Ilman Nuran, and Yang, Weihong
- Subjects
- *
PYROLYSIS , *PLASTICS , *OXYGENATION (Chemistry) , *HYDROCARBONS , *CONDENSATION - Abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights • Stepwise pyrolysis at 350 and 500 °C can separate products into two fractions. • First step liquid product was acidic and had high amounts of oxygenated compounds. • Products from the second step had high hydrocarbon contents and low acidity. • Interaction between cellulose and plastics during stepwise pyrolysis was observed. • Test on real wastes and discussion of scaling-up possibilities were presented. Abstract Mixed plastics and papers are two of the main fractions in municipal solid waste which is a critical environmental issue today. Recovering energy and chemicals from this waste stream by pyrolysis is one of the favorable options to achieve a circular economy. While pyrolysis products from plastics are mainly hydrocarbons, pyrolysis products from paper/biomass are highly oxygenated. The different nature of the two pyrolysis products results in different treatments and applications as well as economic values. Therefore, separation of these two products by multi-step pyrolysis based on their different decomposition temperatures could be beneficial for downstream processes to recover materials, chemicals and/or energy. In this work, stepwise pyrolysis of mixed plastics and paper waste was performed in a batch type fixed bed reactor using two different pyrolysis temperatures. Neat plastic materials (polystyrene, polyethylene) and cellulose mixtures were used as starting materials. Then, the same conditions were applied to a mixed plastics and paper residue stream derived from paper recycling process. The condensable products were analyzed by GC/MS. It was found that pyrolysis temperatures during the first and second step of 350 and 500 °C resulted in a better separation of the oxygenated and hydrocarbon condensates than when a lower pyrolysis temperature (300 °C) was used in the first step. The products from the first step were derived from cellulose with some heavy fraction of styrene oligomers, while the products from the second step were mainly hydrocarbons derived from polystyrene and polyethylene. This thus shows that stepwise pyrolysis can separate the products from these materials, although with some degree of overlapping products. Indications of interaction between PS and cellulose during stepwise pyrolysis were observed including an increase in char yield, a decrease in liquid yield from the first temperature step and changes in liquid composition, compared to stepwise pyrolysis of the two materials separately. A longer vapor residence time in the second step was found to help reducing the amount of wax derived from polyethylene. Results from stepwise pyrolysis of a real waste showed that oxygenated and acidic products were concentrated in the liquid from the first step, while the product from the second step contained a high portion of hydrocarbons and had a low acid number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. A flexible electrokinetic power generator derived from paper and ink for wearable electronics
- Author
-
Lv, Yulin, primary, Gong, Feng, additional, Li, Hao, additional, Zhou, Qiang, additional, Wu, Xinlin, additional, Wang, Wenbin, additional, and Xiao, Rui, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Optimization of process integration in a Kraft pulp and paper mill – Evaporation train and CHP system
- Author
-
Andrea Toffolo and Sennai Mesfun
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Pulp (paper) ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,Biorefinery ,Energy engineering ,General Energy ,Process integration ,Mill ,business ,Process engineering ,Thermal energy ,Renewable resource - Abstract
A great interest has been arising about the production of fuels and advanced chemicals from renewable resources such as wooden biomass in the so-called biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills are often seen as the most obvious fundamental module of such industrial sites, because of the common feedstock and the chemical transformations that already occur in the process. In this paper the model of real Kraft pulp and paper mill is developed and optimized from energetic point of view using process integration techniques, in order to assess the potential for energy saving and to establish a starting point for future research on biorefinery sites. Improvements to the configurations of the multi-effect evaporator and of the steam cycle in the CHP system have been introduced, and three different levels of heat integration boundaries have been considered (multi-effect evaporator, mill sub-processes, and total site). Results indicate a significant potential for the decrease in thermal energy requirement and/or the increase in power production for the same pulp and paper production.
- Published
- 2013
35. Potential for reducing paper mill energy use and carbon dioxide emissions through plant-wide energy audits: A case study in China
- Author
-
Jigeng Li, Ali Hasanbeigi, Lingbo Kong, Huanbin Liu, and Lynn Price
- Subjects
Engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Energy management ,Mechanical Engineering ,Environmental impact of the energy industry ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Energy consumption ,Audit ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Energy conservation ,General Energy ,China ,business ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Potential for reducing paper mill energy use and carbon dioxide emissions through plant-wide energy audits: A case study in China Lingbo Kong, Lynn Price, Ali Hasanbeigi China Energy Group Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Huanbin Liu, Jigeng Li State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology Reprint version of journal article published in “Applied Energy”, Volume 102, February 2013 March 2013 This work was supported by the China Sustainable Energy Program of the Energy Foundation through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- 05CH11231.
- Published
- 2013
36. Simulation and energy optimization of a pulp and paper mill – Evaporation plant and digester
- Author
-
Jan Dahl, Xiaoyan Ji, Chuan Wang, Joakim Lundgren, and Carl-Erik Grip
- Subjects
business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Pulp (paper) ,Energy Engineering ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,Energy minimization ,Energy engineering ,Energiteknik ,General Energy ,Mathematical process ,Process integration ,engineering ,Energy cost ,Process engineering ,business - Abstract
A detailed mathematical process integration model of a pulp and paper mill in the Northern Sweden has been developed. The main objective of this work has been set to describe the practical development of the model with particular emphasis on the development of the digester and evaporation plant sub-models. Actual plant measurements have been used to validate the model. By implementing the sub-models into the complete plant model, the influence of different operation parameters on the overall plant performance has been investigated. Furthermore, introductory studies with the main objective to minimize the plant energy cost have been carried out. Validerad;2012;20120213 (xiajix);Konferensartikel i tidskrift;Bibliografisk uppgift: Energy Solutions for a Sustainable World - Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Applied Energy, May 16-18, 2011 - Perugia, Italy
- Published
- 2012
37. Allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in an industrial CHP plant: Case integrated pulp and paper mill
- Author
-
Pekka Ahtila, Mari Tuomaala, Henrik Holmberg, and Turo Haikonen
- Subjects
Exergy ,Cost allocation ,Engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,General Energy ,Alternative energy ,Market price ,Mill ,Electricity ,business ,Black liquor - Abstract
This paper studies allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in a CHP plant producing heat to an integrated pulp and paper mill and electricity to the liberalized electricity markets (or to the mill by the market price). The CHP plant and the mill are considered to be two separate economical units and both the mill and the CHP plant perspectives are discussed. Fuel costs and CO2-emissions are allocated using the energy, exergy and market based methods. The CHP plant purchases black liquor and bark from the mill. It also purchases oil from the markets to cover the whole fuel demand of the plant. The results indicate that the marked based method can be recommended as a “neutral” cost allocation method, because with that, the energy producer is not collecting extra margins from selling steam. This means that heat pricing is cost based. The results also indicate that depending on the emission factor and efficiency of alternative energy production form, the marked based method or the exergy method allocate the lowest CO2-emissions to heat. Therefore, the use of market based method for allocating costs and CO2 emissions can be recommended in order to use one single approach in both.
- Published
- 2012
38. Thermogravimetric analysis of the co-combustion of coal and paper mill sludge
- Author
-
Ma Xiaoqian and Liao Yanfen
- Subjects
Thermogravimetric analysis ,Materials science ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Paper mill ,Building and Construction ,Activation energy ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Combustion ,law.invention ,Ignition system ,General Energy ,Chemical engineering ,law ,Scientific method ,Coal ,business ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
The thermal behavior of semi-anthracite coal, paper sludge and their blends during pyrolysis and combustion processes was investigated in this study. The experiments were conducted in a differential thermogravimetric analyzer at different heating rates (10 K/min, 20 K/min and 30 K/min) and at temperatures ranging from 310 K to 1300 K. The results revealed that de-volatilization of paper sludge occurred earlier with a higher rate, and that the process was further accelerated under oxygen-enriched conditions. The blends had integrative thermal profiles that reflected both paper sludge and coal. In addition, the blends showed different ignition and combustion behavior depending on the percentage of sludge. Two types of non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods were applied to evaluate the combustion processes. The kinetic parameters of the blends confirmed the improved ignition characteristics. In addition, both the TG profiles and activation energy indicated that the combustion of their blends with low percentages of sludge, such as 10 wt.%, were similar to that of coal. These experimental results help explain and predict the behavior of coal and paper sludge blends in practical applications.
- Published
- 2010
39. Characteristics of cardboard and paper gasification with CO2
- Author
-
Ahmed, I. and Gupta, A.K.
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS gasification , *CARDBOARD , *PAPER , *CARBON dioxide , *SYNTHESIS gas , *TEMPERATURE effect , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *PYROLYSIS , *CHEMICAL kinetics - Abstract
Abstract: Evolutionary behavior of syngas chemical composition and yield have been examined for paper and cardboard at three different temperatures of 800, 900 and 1000°C using CO2 as the gasifying agent at constant flow rate. Specifically the evolution of syngas chemical composition with time has been investigated. Pyrolysis of the sample was dominant at the beginning of the gasification process as observed from the high initial devolatilization of the sample followed by char gasification of material to form syngas for a long period of time. Results provided the role of gasification temperature on kinetics of the CO2 gasification process. Increase in gasification temperature provided increased conversion of the sample material to syngas. Thus the sample conversion to syngas was low at the low temperature of 800°C while at elevated temperatures of 900 and 1000°C substantial enhancement of the kinetics process occurred. The evolution of extensive reaction rate of carbon-monoxide was calculated. Results show that increase in temperature increased the extensive reaction rate of carbon-monoxide. The global behavior of syngas chemical composition examined at three different temperatures revealed a peak in concentration of H2 to exhibit after few minutes into the gasification that changed with gasification temperature. At 800°C gasification temperature peak in H2 was displayed at 3min into gasification while it decreased to only 2min, approximately, at gasification temperatures of 900 and 1000°C. The effect of reactor temperature on CO mole fraction has also been examined. Increase in the gasification temperature enhances the mole fraction of CO yields. This is attributed to the increase in forward reaction rate of the Boudouard reaction (). The results show important role of CO2 gas for the gasification of wastes and low grade fuels to clean syngas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Numerical estimation of the effective electrical conductivity in carbon paper diffusion media
- Author
-
Zamel, Nada, Li, Xianguo, and Shen, Jun
- Subjects
- *
NUMERICAL analysis , *ESTIMATION theory , *ELECTRIC conductivity , *CARBON paper , *DIFFUSION , *ELECTRONS , *PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells , *ANISOTROPY , *ELECTRICAL resistivity - Abstract
Abstract: The transport of electrons through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells has a significant impact on the optimal design and operation of PEM fuel cells and is directly affected by the anisotropic nature of the carbon paper material. In this study, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the GDL is used to numerically estimate the directional dependent effective electrical conductivity of the layer for various porosity values. The distribution of the fibers in the through-plane direction results in high electrical resistivity; hence, decreasing the overall effective electrical conductivity in this direction. This finding is in agreement with measured experimental data. Further, using the numerical results of this study, two mathematical expressions were proposed for the calculation of the effective electrical conductivity of the carbon paper GDL. Finally, the tortuosity factor was evaluated as 1.7 and 3.4 in the in- and through-plane directions, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A flexible electrokinetic power generator derived from paper and ink for wearable electronics
- Author
-
Qiang Zhou, Feng Gong, Rui Xiao, Wenbin Wang, Yulin Lv, Hao Li, and Wu Xinlin
- Subjects
Inkwell ,business.industry ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Electrical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Power (physics) ,Generator (circuit theory) ,General Energy ,020401 chemical engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronics ,0204 chemical engineering ,business ,Energy harvesting ,Wearable technology ,Voltage ,Diode - Abstract
Low-grade energy harvesting from the ambient environment promises to relieve the energy shortage in the remote regions or emergency needs. The reported materials employed for low-grade energy harvesting requires costly raw materials and highly technical skills, hindering the applications in isolated regions or after natural disasters. Herein, we report the use of commercial air-laid paper and carbon ink to harvest electrokinetic energy in the capillary flow. The paper-based electrokinetic power generator with size of 6 cm × 1 cm could continuously generate an output voltage of 0.35 V and current of 33.9 μA in the ambient condition (20 °C and 50% Relative Humidity). The output power could maintain for over 120 h. When connected in series and in parallel, the power generator with excellent flexibility could power some common electronic devices in the atmosphere, such as light-emitting diode, electronic calculator and watch. This work offers a rational approach to employing low-cost materials for ambient energy harvesting, thus advancing the application in portable and wearable electronic devices.
- Published
- 2020
42. Experimental–numerical design of a biomass bubbling fluidized bed gasifier for paper sludge energy recovery
- Author
-
Cordiner, S., De Simone, G., and Mulone, V.
- Subjects
- *
FLUIDIZED bed gasifiers , *REFUSE as fuel , *WASTE paper , *FLUID dynamics , *SUSTAINABILITY , *CHEMICAL equilibrium - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents the application of a comprehensive approach to the design of small scale sustainable distributed generation systems with special focus on energy recovery from paper production process sludge. The methodology integrates a detailed fluid-dynamic analysis tool with preliminary experimental analysis on a laboratory scale to guide the design of a prototype bubbling fluidized bed gasifier in the 85kW power range fitting with small and medium size paper production industries. Preliminary tests show stable operation even for this rather small power scale, and deviation from chemical equilibrium concentration in agreement with literature available data. Energy content in the sludge may be recovered along with a significant reduction of residual volume and mass. The concept may then be used to increase the overall sustainability of paper production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in an industrial CHP plant: Case integrated pulp and paper mill
- Author
-
Holmberg, Henrik, Tuomaala, Mari, Haikonen, Turo, and Ahtila, Pekka
- Subjects
- *
CALORIC expenditure , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *PAPER mills , *ELECTRICITY , *EXERGY , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Abstract: This paper studies allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in a CHP plant producing heat to an integrated pulp and paper mill and electricity to the liberalized electricity markets (or to the mill by the market price). The CHP plant and the mill are considered to be two separate economical units and both the mill and the CHP plant perspectives are discussed. Fuel costs and CO2-emissions are allocated using the energy, exergy and market based methods. The CHP plant purchases black liquor and bark from the mill. It also purchases oil from the markets to cover the whole fuel demand of the plant. The results indicate that the marked based method can be recommended as a “neutral” cost allocation method, because with that, the energy producer is not collecting extra margins from selling steam. This means that heat pricing is cost based. The results also indicate that depending on the emission factor and efficiency of alternative energy production form, the marked based method or the exergy method allocate the lowest CO2-emissions to heat. Therefore, the use of market based method for allocating costs and CO2 emissions can be recommended in order to use one single approach in both. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Thermal energy storage: An overview of papers published in Applied Energy 2009–2018
- Author
-
Xiaohu Yang and Jinyue Yan
- Subjects
General Energy ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Nuclear engineering ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Thermal energy storage ,Energy (signal processing) - Published
- 2021
45. Bioethanol production from various waste papers: Economic feasibility and sensitivity analysis
- Author
-
Richard H. Templer, Richard J. Murphy, Lei Wang, and Mahdi Sharifzadeh
- Subjects
Engineering ,Enzyme complex ,Municipal solid waste ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,cardboard ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,Anaerobic digestion ,General Energy ,Biofuel ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Production (economics) ,Gasoline ,business ,Lime - Abstract
As a significant fraction of municipal solid waste, waste paper is a potential source for producing bioethanol. In the present paper, bioethanol production from various waste papers (newspaper, office paper, cardboard and magazine) using an enzyme complex (Cellic Ctec 1) was evaluated from an economic standpoint. Four bases cases without pre-treatment and two state-of-the-art cases (including dilute acid pre-treatment for office paper and oxidative lime pre-treatment for newspaper) were constructed using laboratory experimental data, literature values, expert consultations and simulation using AspenPlus™. Several scenarios were also carried out to assess the sensitivity of various technology parameters (i.e. solids loading in saccharification, anaerobic digestion and fermentation efficiency, and sugar yields in pre-treatment). The sensitivity analysis suggested that the economic performance of bioethanol produced from waste paper could be improved significantly with an up to 25% reduction in minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) by increasing solids loading in saccharification and with a 6% reduction in MESP by enhancing fermentation efficiency. The comparison of the bioethanol selling price at pump (reference year 2009) and the petrol price showed bioethanol produced from newspaper, office paper and cardboard were economically competitive with petrol.
- Published
- 2013
46. Effect of waste wrapping paper fiber as a “solid bridge” on physical characteristics of biomass pellets made from wood sawdust
- Author
-
Kong, Lingjun, Tian, ShuangHong, He, Chun, Du, Changming, Tu, YuTing, and Xiong, Ya
- Subjects
- *
WOOD pellets , *BIOMASS , *WOOD waste , *PAPER , *HYDRAULIC presses , *DENSITY , *ABRASION resistance , *COMBUSTION , *TEMPERATURE , *BIOMASS energy - Abstract
Abstract: Densified biomass pellets using waste wood sawdust (S) as main materials and wrapping paper fiber (P) as “solid bridge”, named as P/S-BPs, was prepared by a hydraulic press powder pelletizer under room temperature and pressure lower than10MPa. The effects of the addition of P to S and the compressed pressure on the density, resiliency (R), abrasion resistance (AR), impact resistance index (IRI)) and the combustion behavior of the P/S-BPs were investigated. The results showed that the addition of P to S greatly reduced the negative effects of resiliencies on the densities and mechanical properties of P/S-BPs during storage. For example, P/S-BPs compressed at 6MPa in a P/S mass ratio of 1–3 showed the smooth surface and low resiliency of 10% with a high relaxed density of 1.08kgm−3. This is due to the strengthened interlocking bonds through fabricating “solid bridge” and increasing attracting force by adding P to resist the disruptive force created by elastic recovery even under low pressure. Combustion results showed that the addition of P decreased the soot index (SI) due to the lower devolatilization rate and burnout rate, and increased the HHV per unit volume because of its high relaxed density. Thus, compression of waste P and S in a P/S mass ratio of 1–3 at room temperature under 6MPa is a cost-effective process to produce densified sustainable bio-fuel from waste S and P as well as dispose them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Simulation and energy optimization of a pulp and paper mill – Evaporation plant and digester
- Author
-
Ji, Xiaoyan, Lundgren, Joakim, Wang, Chuan, Dahl, Jan, and Grip, Carl-Erik
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER simulation , *FORCE & energy , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER industry , *PAPER mills , *EVAPORATION (Chemistry) , *AUTOCLAVES - Abstract
Abstract: A detailed mathematical process integration model of a pulp and paper mill in the Northern Sweden has been developed. The main objective of this work has been set to describe the practical development of the model with particular emphasis on the development of the digester and evaporation plant sub-models. Actual plant measurements have been used to validate the model. By implementing the sub-models into the complete plant model, the influence of different operation parameters on the overall plant performance has been investigated. Furthermore, introductory studies with the main objective to minimize the plant energy cost have been carried out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Thermogravimetric analysis of the co-combustion of coal and paper mill sludge
- Author
-
Yanfen, Liao and Xiaoqian, Ma
- Subjects
- *
GRAVIMETRIC analysis , *CO-combustion , *COAL combustion , *ANALYTICAL mechanics , *TEMPERATURE measurements , *WASTE paper , *PAPER mills , *THERMOGRAVIMETRY , *COMBUSTION engineering - Abstract
Abstract: The thermal behavior of semi-anthracite coal, paper sludge and their blends during pyrolysis and combustion processes was investigated in this study. The experiments were conducted in a differential thermogravimetric analyzer at different heating rates (10K/min, 20K/min and 30K/min) and at temperatures ranging from 310K to 1300K. The results revealed that de-volatilization of paper sludge occurred earlier with a higher rate, and that the process was further accelerated under oxygen-enriched conditions. The blends had integrative thermal profiles that reflected both paper sludge and coal. In addition, the blends showed different ignition and combustion behavior depending on the percentage of sludge. Two types of non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods were applied to evaluate the combustion processes. The kinetic parameters of the blends confirmed the improved ignition characteristics. In addition, both the TG profiles and activation energy indicated that the combustion of their blends with low percentages of sludge, such as 10 wt.%, were similar to that of coal. These experimental results help explain and predict the behavior of coal and paper sludge blends in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. High-solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis of waste papers for biofuel production
- Author
-
Lei Wang, Richard J. Murphy, and Richard H. Templer
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,cardboard ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Raw material ,Xylan ,law.invention ,Hydrolysis ,General Energy ,Magazine ,chemistry ,law ,Biofuel ,visual_art ,Enzymatic hydrolysis ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,business ,Glucan - Abstract
Waste papers (newspaper, office paper, magazines and cardboard in this study) with 50–73% (w/w oven dry weight) carbohydrate contents have considerable potential as raw materials for bioethanol production. A particle size reduction step of wet blending prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of newspaper was found to increase the glucan conversion efficiency by up to 10%. High-solids loading hydrolysis at 15% (w/w) of four types of paper using two enzyme alternatives, Celluclast 1.5L supplemented with Novozyme 188 and Cellic Ctec 1 (Novozymes A/S, Demark), at various enzyme concentrations were successfully performed in a lab-scale overhead-stirred reactor. This work has identified the relative saccharification performance for the four types of paper and shows office paper and cardboard to be more suitable for producing bioethanol than newspaper or magazine paper. The experimental data were also very well described by a modified, simple three parameter glucan and xylan hydrolysis model. These findings provide the possibility for incorporating this validated kinetic model into process designs required for commercial scale bioethanol production from waste paper resources.
- Published
- 2012
50. Energy information integration based on EMS in paper mill
- Author
-
Ning Zhao, Huanbin Liu, Yanming Zhou, Jigeng Li, Bo Wu, and Zhang Zhanbo
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Energy management ,Process (engineering) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,computer.software_genre ,Energy management system ,General Energy ,Data acquisition ,Component (UML) ,Mill ,business ,Process engineering ,computer ,Energy (signal processing) ,Data integration - Abstract
The systematic, transparent and accurate on-line energy information of the production process is quite the basis of mill energy management and conservation. An Energy Management System (EMS) was built according to the characteristics of the energy usage in a typical newsprint paper mill. The EMS first realized the process data acquisition and integration, second fulfilled the on-line energy information calculation from the integrated data. A water and steam properties query component based on IAPWS-IF97 was developed and plugged into the EMS to facilitate the energy calculation of water and steam. The practical performance in the paper mill showed that the integrated energy information of the whole mill was gained and the on-line energy supervisory was achieved. In the end a systematic, transparent and accurate energy usage profile is obtained and it would provide the valuable fundamental energy data for the further energy analysis and optimization in the EMS.
- Published
- 2012
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