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The motivation of this paper is to investigate the resistance of countries' energy research and development (RD&D) expenditures to random shocks. The analysis includes the five countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom) that are the biggest investors in RD&D in fossil fuels, renewables, energy efficiency, and nuclear energy. Thus, economies will be able to take precautions against global shocks in producing sustainable energy policies. To achieve this aim, this paper uses the artificial neural network approach, which uses a distributed computing model that can store and generalize data after a learning period. Empirical results widely depend on countries and distinct energy technology policy fields. The key findings provide evidence that RD&D expenditures, except for renewables, do not tend to mean revert. The economies of Japan, Germany, and the United States should make more renewable investments to reduce the resistance of renewable energy sources to shocks and thus produce policies for both environmental sustainability and energy security. The economies of France and the United Kingdom can ensure energy security by continuing their sustainable energy policies. • Applied SDG policies focused on energy technology RD&D are presented. • The stochastic characteristics of energy technology investments are examined. • Carbon-reducing policies are recommended for the top five economies. • Energy technologies are perused through artificial intelligence approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of distributed energy resources (DERs) at water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). The DERs considered include solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, biomass electricity generation, and energy storage systems (ESS). The financial and demand management implications of the deployment of various DER combinations are analyzed. The load profile of a single plant is studied in order to draw conclusions regarding the optimal size for energy storage solutions based on the goals of the WRRF. A case study of a Medium sized WRRF, located in a large metropolitan area, is used to compare different financial and technical implementation strategies. An ideal combination of DERs is determined based on analysis of various scenarios for nine distinct use cases. The overarching goal of this paper is to understand the potential of various combinations of DERs for managing peak demand and resilience at WRRFs. Elements in the financial models are compared to determine the combination that creates a financially viable project while providing tangible benefits in resilience and/or demand management to the WRRF. • Energy efficiency is key for urban regions to combat global warming. • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. • Energy efficiency is possible through deployment of DERs and better use of biogases • Distributed energy resources (DERs) improve resiliency during power failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]