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Igneous intrusions into coal affect the safety, productivity, and economic viability of many coal mines. Also, the alterations in coal caused by igneous intrusions encompass a deterioration in coal quality, a decrease in permeability, an enhancement of coal rank, and geochemical and mineralogical compositions. Although there have been some studies related to the effects of igneous intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal, the mechanism of newly formed chemical and mineralogical associations caused by igneous intrusions has not been fully understood. This paper investigates the mineralogical and geochemical responses of coal to thermal alteration by igneous intrusion into an Early Permian coal seam in Hebei Province, North China. The Fengfeng coalfield is structurally complex, experiencing variable rates of burial and uplift, with abundant intrusions during the upper Jurassic and maximum burial in the Cretaceous resulting in an increase in rank to the north. In the search for critical minerals and elements, intrusions and hydrothermal alteration are often cited as the source for elevated concentrations. Towards the intrusion, the coal rank indicators increase from semi-anthracite to anthracite over a 500-cm distance, as does the mineral matter. The clay minerals present in coals include NH 4 -illite, kaolinite, paragonite, and chlorite (chamosite and cookeite), which were all resulted from igneous intrusions. The epigenetic minerals mainly include quartz, ankerite, calcite, pyrite, and apatite, which were derived from fluids permeating into the coal seam and chemically interacting with the original minerals or precipitating directly to form new minerals. Geochemical indicators in this coal indicate hydrothermal solutions derived from igneous intrusion. The enrichment of Li and Hg is linked to the igneous activity, potentially influencing the utilization of the coal adjacent to the intrusions. However, the concentrations of the remaining elements in the coal closest to the intrusion show no significant changes, thereby supporting the notion of a "non-universal effect" of igneous intrusions on the elemental composition and concentrations. • Towards the intrusion, the coal rank indicators increase, as does mineral matter. • Various clay minerals in coal are associated with hydrothermal fluids. • Epigenetic minerals show at least three stages of hydrothermal fluids. • Geochemical indicators are used to characterize hydrothermal fluids from intrusion. • The enrichment of Li and Hg in coal nearby intrusion is linked to igneous activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modes of occurrence of elements in Ge-rich coals are important because they provide an understanding of Ge mineralization and insight into Ge behavior during coal combustion and the modes of occurrence for Ge in the resulting combustion products. Previous researchers showed that the leaching of granite by N 2 – CO 2 mixed hydrothermal solutions in the Lincang coal in southwest China led to the enrichment of Ge. Elevated Ge concentrations from leaching of granite by hydrothermal solutions have been established in the nearby Lincang Ge ore deposit; however, the influence of hydrothermal solutions, especially mixed hydrothermal solutions, on the modes of occurrence of elements in coal have not been quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, we focus on the quantitative analysis of the influence of mixed hydrothermal solutions on the modes of occurrence of elements in coal. Samples used in this study were collected from the Dazhai Mine, located in the Lincang Ge ore deposit, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. The correlation coefficients between pyrite, ash yield, Al 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 versus elemental concentrations in coal are processed with the correlation analysis algorithm. The results show that a distinct break in pyrite content of ∼16.8 wt% as a threshold for different elemental modes of occurrence of elements as a result of hydrothermal fluids. The modes of occurrence of As and Hg changes from an organic-inorganic mixed affinity to predominantly in pyrite by the influence of volcanic hydrothermal fluids when the content of pyrite is higher than 16.8 wt%. • A correlation analysis algorithm is used to analyze the modes of occurrence of elements in high-germanium coals. • Existence of the associations between element concentrations and pyrite-content-changes. • Many elements show a significant change in correlation around 16.8 wt% pyrite content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]