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We use a two-patch model to address the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) within and between hospitals. Specifically, we consider patients being referred and transferred from a small community hospital with inappropriate antibiotic use to a large teaching hospital with good antibiotic treatment. Our analyses show that screening and decolonizing patients transferred between hospitals and avoiding misuse of antibiotics are both crucial factors to contain nosocomial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a stochastic HIV model by integrating drug adherence into a pharmacokinetic model and by coupling a pharmacodynamic model with a viral dynamic model. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model can generate viral blips, which have been observed in HIV patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. We calculate the probability density function of infected CD 4 + T cells by developing the generalized density evolution equation. We fit the model to the clinical data of four HIV patients exhibiting viral blips. The results demonstrate that poor drug adherence can be a reason explaining the occurrence of viral blips in treated HIV patients. We also find that viral dynamics are sensitive to drug-adherence parameters, which have a significant impact on the frequency and amplitude of viral blips. The modeling and methods can be applied to the study of long-term therapy of other chronic diseases in which drug adherence might also be an issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]