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Inspection and maintenance are necessary to maintain the continuity of critical equipment operations such as oil storage tank. The criteria for the various types of settlement specified in American Petroleum Institute (API) 653. However, the criteria for planar settlement could not be determined. In this paper, a finite element model is developed to study the hoop stress of the tank during planar settlement. In this paper, 384 finite element models were built in order to predict the most effective allowable planar settlement at oil storage tanks. Each model is variation of the tank size, shell plate thickness, seismic zone and planar tilt of the tank. Based on size of tank population in Pertamina, 8 of standard tank size from 500-10.000 m3were simulated. The simulation results are validated by case study in 500-5.000 m3full scale oil storage tank. From the results, equation for criteria of planar settlement has been created.

While an intermediate treatment contractor of construction waste extracts renewable fuels from construction wastes, water is stored in a water tank and a considerable amount of sludge remain in the water. In this respect, the present study designed an apparatus to automatically discharge sludge from the water tank. The discharging process of the apparatus is as follows: it sucks sludge along with water of the water tank into a storage tank. Sludge and water stay for a certain time period until the former settles. And water drains out from the storage tank, being separated from sludge that still remains in the storage tank. The amount of sludge to discharge depends on its storage time in the tank. Therefore, the duration of settlement was measured to find an optimal time. Discharging test was repeated. An impeller was installed on top of the storage tank to know how it affects sludge settlement. Using the collected data, this study confirmed the factors necessary for smooth discharging of sludge.

The stability of the tunnel portal section under poor terrain and geological condition has always been the focus of construction safety. The stability problem has become more complex for the erosion accumulation area under the valley. In this paper, firstly the stability of the tunnel portal is classified. Combined with engineering cases, the FEM numerical method is used to simulate the supporting structure and construction process of the tunnel. Based on the distribution of the plastic zone and displacement of surrounding rock, the mechanism of the instability of the tunnel portal is analyzed. Through the optimized construction scheme that arranges pile foundation in tunnel arch foundation, the bearing capacity of foundation has been greatly improved, which has effectively prevented the instability of surrounding rock caused by the slope deformation and foundation settlement. The conclusions that have been drawn in this paper can be used for reference for related projects.

Previous studies on the construction of lock-head allow to state that not only provide the means to reduce the stress, but more accurately reflect the actual force of the structure, which are given but there is no effect on the timing of the commissure analysis for the joint project.Based on the design of Xiangjiang River in Changsha integrated hub project, this paper propose the lock structure and layout of the program, in full consideration of the lock complex foundation condition, complex structure, temperature stress and other factors.In this paper, numerical simulation is used to simulate a variety of reasonable construction sequence and construction process, to analysis the characteristics of the stress of the bottom plate of the sluice, the settlement of the foundation and anti-force distribution features. And then discusses the overall stress characteristics and working mechanism of the first structure of the lower gate. On the basis of this, the reasonable construction sequence and structure optimization scheme are put forward.

Integral Abutment Bridges are widely utilized around the world because they offer a design alternative minimizing the potential construction and maintenance difficulties associated with expansion joints in other types of bridges. However, integral bridge systems also have certain issues that result from the absence of expansion joints. This is because temperature changes induce cycles of elongations and shortenings in the bridge deck which lead to rotational movements in bridge abutments against and away from the retained soil. This phenomenon may develop long term problems in terms of settlement of the backfill at the bridge approach and escalation in the lateral earth pressure acting on the bridge abutments. This paper aims to investigate the approach settlement and lateral earth pressure development in integral bridges abutments using finite element modelling of a concrete bridge abutment and the adjoining soil using the ABAQUS software. The paper presents a parametric study of the effects imposed by abutment movements on the retained soil. This study also investigates the effectiveness of using expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam inclusions as a remedial measure to minimize the approach settlement and lateral stress ratcheting effects in Integral Abutment Bridges.

Currently, the combined footplate-caisson foundation has been used for some projects. This type of foundation is one of the chosen low cost foundations for the structure supporting medium load when the bearing capacity of conventional foundation is not sufficient. The inserted caisson underneath the footing enables to increase its performance; has a better bearing capacity and lower settlement. Unfortunately, the theoretical basic regarding this foundation is not available so that the design tends to use a conservative approach. For this reason, the study on footplate-caisson foundation is essential to obtain the information of its performances. In this study, the combined footplate-caisson was numerically modelled in plane-strain condition as a foundation resting on clay. The footplate was modelled in the depth variation of 0.75 m up to 1.5 m in fixed width of 1.5 m x 1.5 m; whereas the caisson was modelled in depth variation of 0.75 up to 4.5 m in fixed diameter of 1.0 m. The properties of soil and foundation are presented in the paper. The applied load on the model was varied from 60 kPa up to 1000 kPa. The result of the study indicates that the presence of caisson contributes to the decrease in contact pressure in footplate. The percentage of the contribution depends on the dimension of each element and the depth of caisson.

This paper deals with the construction of the foundation pit of the East Station of Meixi Lake, belonging to Reme Area underground supporting transport system of Changsha, China. A description is given of the deformation monitoring of the open excavation. During site operations, the construction process monitoring data are continuously analyzed. It has been found that the deformations induced by the excavation of the foundation pit have some influence on the surrounding buildings. Monitoring of both horizontal pile-top displacement and ground surface settlements are extremely important to ensure safety of the neighboring constructions. Based on the monitoring information gathered during construction, engineers should adjust construction parameters to optimize the design at any moment, and adopt effective treatment measures to ensure the follow-up constructions can safely and successfully complete.

Traffic load not only increases the original crack widths of the reinforced approach pavement of full jointless bridges, but also generates the development of new small cracks. Using lab experiments, this paper mainly studies the influence of traffic load on the crack width of the approach pavement of full jointless bridges. The results show that the load of traffic not only increases the crack width, but also increases the vertical settlement. In order to control the crack width we need to consider the influence of the traffic load. And the traffic load influence factor here we choose to be equal to 1.45.

In this paper, a key treatment technology of the culvert foundation is presented, which is on the high salt saturated fine sand in a new China local railway from XieTieshan to North Hobsonis. In the procedure，for the two kinds of culvert foundation treatment technology(gravel pile foundation and rubble replacement), the settlement laws of culvert under China-load are explored by comparing with the field observation data and numerical analysis conclusion. The results show that in saline soil area, using rubble fill to reinforce groundwork is a appropriate treatment technology for culvert foundation.

In this paper, the construction treatment technology for the transition section connecting road and culvert founded on the high salt saturated fine sand is carried out, in which an actual project of a new local railway from XieTieshan to North Hobson in China is the background. Meanwhile,the field monitoring and finite element analysis of the settlement law of the transition section are carried out under different load conditions. The results are of referential significance to the settlement law and design of roadbed-culvert transitional section in high salinity regions.

To full utilization of crushed straw in civil engineering industry is necessary to know its technical parameters. During previous projects on VŠB – TUO, Faculty of Civil Engineering have found parameters like settlement, thermal conductivity or airborne sound insulation. The research on these parameters have had favorable results, therefore the research is going on and other characteristics of crushed straw are finding out. These days the research team deals with determination of important fire characteristics of crushed straw. Fire characteristics play substantial character by building materials and their design in buildings. Nature materials are generally regarded as flammable. If some material is pressed, the same rule as in the phonebook – if you ignite one sheet of paper, it burns. But if you try to ignite the whole phonebook, it will be not so easy. This article is reported the first step of research on the reaction to fire. This is the preliminary classification of crushed straw into reaction to fire. The test was made according to methods which are described below. There are some changes in methods due to different structures of crushed straw.

The demand of surface area increases rapidly in the urban areas due to the increase in populations. This leads to the shortage of surface area for development in the future. Underground development is one of the solutions to solve the problems, such as the tunnel constructed underground, to provide new spaces for the development without claiming valuable spaces on the surface. Since construction of tunnel might influence the integrity of above ground structures, it is important to evaluate the impact of tunneling towards adjacent building foundation. This paper presents the numerical analysis of pile-tunnel interaction under greenfield condition for the optimization of tunnel distance, position and size relative to pile. Parametric study concerning the pile-tunnel interaction was concluded to assess the differential stress around the tunnel, ground settlement bending moment and axial force acting on pile. Pile-tunnel interaction was found directly proportional to the tunnel diameter and inversely proportional to pile-tunnel distance. The maximum surface settlement was observed at the tunnel with diameter of 1.5 times diameter (d). The highest pile bending moment and axial forces was observed at pile-tunnel distance equal to 1d.

In Malaysia, total dumping sites are 73 sites, controlled dumping sites are 71 sites and sanitary landfill are 11 sites. These disposal sites will increase over time because population in Malaysia has been increased at a rate of 2.4% per annum or about 600,000 per annum since 1994. The increase in population would increase the amount of waste generated. Thus, it will increase the number of dumping sites. The dumping area which has a full capacity of waste will eventually closed. These closed dumping area which are to be developed for new development are prone to settlement. The settlement at dumping area are to be predicted and simulated using Power Creep Function. The heterogeneous content of waste soil from dumping area are complicated to characterize and classified. The content of waste dumped at the dumping area is important to analyse because the degradation process changes with time. The degradation process are called power creep function. Power Creep Function (PCF) is time dependent deformation which is under constant stress. The two constant variables which are M’ and N’. M’ is the compressibility constant and N’ is rate of compression varies with age placement condition. The input parameters for PCF are H0, ∆σ, t, Tr, M’ and N’. These parameters are simulated based on two cases whereby, case 1 where M’ and N’ are kept constant and time (t) increases from 25 days to 75 days. Tr is kept constant at 1 day. Case 2 is where M’, N’ and Tr are kept constant and time (t) increases from 240 days to 730 days. The settlement prediction at the dumping area for Case 1 is 0.024 meters to 0.042 meters and for Case 2 the settlement is in the range of 0.074 meters to 0.130 meters. The prediction of total settlement for dumping area would be used to determine the depth of foundation for the new development at the dumping area.

Based on bearing capacity and settlement control design methods for composite foundation improved by combined piles,as well as the system reliability analysis theory,the system of reliability analysis for composite foundation can be divided into three sub-systems;that are bearing capacity sub-system,settlement sub-system and differential settlement sub-system.The system probability of failure for composite foundation call be obtained by calculating that of three sub-systems respectively.It provides a method of system reliability analysis for composite foundations improved by combined piles.

The observations and tests under small scale in 1-gravity condition are intended to obtain a comparative behavior of a model and prototype of geotechnical case by imposing the scaling relations. Simulations to represent a related structure, sub-soil and failure mechanism need to be prepared prior to do observations in this modeling. To simulate pile loading test (PLT) on clay, the following models of: clay, pile, driving simulation and procedure of PLT based on ASTM D4410 were set-up. The PLT in reduced scale environment was then followed by performing normal practice of full scale PLT in original clay site. Load settlement curves obtained from both “pile loading test” in small and full scale simulations showed closely good agreement. Further observation and investigation on simulation of pile loading test in clay revealed that modeling the following: clay sub-soil resulted in new properties of clay, em=ep+λLn(N) which reflects stress scaling factor, N, pile size and pile driving hammer need scaling factor n and n3 respectively whereas PLT time needs time scaling factor, tp (n)0.5.

A foundation is used to support a building or structure and transmits loads directly to the underlying soil or rock. It must provide an adequate factor of safety against failure of the supporting strata, as well as failure of any excessive settlement which can interfere the function of the structure. Ultimate bearing capacity of a specific foundation is one parameter commonly used to describe the performance criteria of both the soil and the structure above. It can be improved by the inclusion of reinforcements in the ground such as geotextiles. In practice, geotextiles are normally placed directly on the soil in the form of sheet and then covered with aggregates. This research was conducted specifically to investigate the effect of different sand relative densities inside the geotextile pillow, an alternative of geotextile installations in practices, on the bearing capacity of pad foundation by laboratory experiments. A-10 cm x 10 cm pad foundation model was developed in a 1 m3 box filled with sand to actualize this experiment. Geotextile sheet was formed into a pillow, filled with sand with different relative densities and placed at a predetermined depth from the sand surface. As a result, the bearing capacity of the pad foundation model was proved to increase by 50% using a sheet of geotextile compared to the one without any geotextile. Moreover, to the same condition, the use of a geotextile pillow with different sand relative densities inside the pillow, i.e. 30%, 50% and 70% remarkably improved the bearing capacity of the pad foundation model from 150% to 525%. Among the experiment results using a geotextile pillow, the 66.67% addition of sand relative density increased the bearing capacity of a pad foundation model by 100% and 150% with 133.33% of sand relative density. It showed that the increase of the sand relative density inside the geotextile pillow was directly proportional to the increase of the bearing capacity of the pad foundation model.

With the demand on integrated construction of large scale LNG facilities in non-slide way zone at marine construction site, finite element analysis with parametric modeling technology (ANSYS-APDL) are conducted to simulate nonlinear relationship of basement and the state of foundation settlement at the construction stage. Structural analysis models are simplified from 3D architecture models of build order in building information modeling (BIM) system through MATLAB interface development. Unfavorable settlement effects are examined by detailed analysis cases studying. The prediction results can guide installation and temporary reinforcement measures of large scale structures.

Peat soils are challenging soils which are a problem for many geotechnical engineers especially in the design of shallow foundations and road constructions. The engineering properties of peat are dependent on the nature of its physical properties. Micro structural studies done on the soil shows that it consists of fibres which cause the soil to be highly compressible resulting in excessive settlement when they are subjected to moderate load increments or vibrations produce by traffic. In this paper, dynamic testing was done to approximately simulate traffic loading characteristics on peat taken from Parit Nipah and Pontian, Johor using a cyclic triaxial testing with 1Hz loading frequency. The results were compared with soil that has a stiffer particulate nature such as sand. The comparison showed that the dynamic loading parameters of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of peat was dependent on the fiber content and was very much lower than that of well graded and uniform sands. This can be an important indication to understand the key parameter behaviour of peat that must be taken into account when designing and managing infrastructures on peat soils.

Bearing capacity and settlement are two important parameters in geotechnical engineering. The bearing capacity of circular foundations on sandy soils is important to geotechnical practicing engineers. Design of foundations includes soil parameters and bearing capacity of foundation. This paper presents the results of laboratory experimental model tests of circular footings supported on sand deposit under static load. The finite element software Abaqus is used to compare the results. The effects of the relative density of the sand (30%, 50%, and 70%) and the diameter of circular footing (75 mm and 100 mm) are investigated. It can be concluded that the experimental test results fit quite well with the results of numerical method.

Currently the settlement and deformation of factory building structure is monitored using total stations and other more conventional measuring instruments, it is difficult to reflect the health of the structure timely and accurately. In order to change the situation, we establish a set of system for real-time monitoring of deformation and safety warning. The system is formed of sensing layer, transport layer and application layer. Sensing layer is composed of static force level and biaxial inclinometer. The system can be used in dynamic real-time factory structure safety monitoring, also applied to other similar structural monitoring. This paper will study the system components and principle, early warning systems grading, calculation of real-time deformation of roof frame, laboratory test scheme and verification. Experiments showed that the system is suitable for the actual factory structure monitoring, while the choice of static force level and biaxial inclinometer of precision to meet the requirements.

The paper studies the efficiency of seismic isolation system in the form of rubber-metal bearings with different height buildings at multicomponent seismic impact. As an example, seismically insulated monolithic reinforced concrete 5-, 9-and 16-storey buildings are considered. The solution of the problem is obtained by a direct integration of the motion equations for an explicit scheme in the software package LS-DYNA. The calculation is performed considering nonlinear nature of rubber bearings. The analysis of the effectiveness of buildings with seismic insulation and without it is performed.

This article presented the analytical results focused on the responses of existing bridges in Thailand subjected to overweight vehicles. The bridges, span lengths ranging from 5 to 20 meters, were loaded by the overweight vehicles with multi-axle loading having gross weight of 400 tons. The rating factors of bridges were also performed. The bridge strengthening methods using carbon fiber reinforcement polymers and intended settlement technique were also presented.The results indicated that the load rating factors were increased and conformed to the load rating standards. The results of this study would be a reference data to establish an alternative plan of bridge strengthening to improve the safety of the bridges under a moving of overweight vehicles.

Engineers and researchers pay close attention to high-filled embankment project with loess as its main filler. In order to study its characteristics and settlement rules, a series of laboratory tests on the fillers and in situ observation based on the actual project located in the east central of Taiyuan were made. These work resulted in some settlement curves for the each soil layer. Then some basic physical properties of loess were get at the same time. Observation results were analyzed and the influence of different factors on the settlement curves were discussed.After considering various factors,effective construction suggestions were raised to control the dry density and moisture content in order to decrease the settlement of embankment and improve the quality of the construction.

Settlement of comprehensive pipe is inevitable disturbed by construction and surrounding environment, in order to better understand the settlement rule of comprehensive pipe. Based on a large amount of monitoring data collected from integrated trench, a simulation model is proposed to analyzed comprehensive pipe settlement by using ABAQUS, the case results show that the simulation model performance can analysis the synthesis trench settlement. It has high prediction accuracy and fit for the settlement of integral comprehensive pipe.

The simulation of support settlement of a transmission angle-tower is actively carried out in this study based on the actual structural damage events. The mechanical model of the transmission angle-tower is developed based on the spatial member finite element approach. The finite element model of the transmission tower-line system is constructed by taking a real 220KV transmission tower as an example. The support settlement of the tower is analyzed and the collected information are utilized in the structural finite element analysis. The made observations indicate that the support settlement may induce large structural internal forces, which may induce potential disk to the structural safety.

In order to study the bearing capacity of unimate cross-section pipe pile and setp cross-section pipe pile, a finite difference model of the pile-soil interaction is established by FLAC3D,. The bearing behaviors of the setp cross-section pipe pile and the traditional unimate cross-section pipe pile are studied comparatively, the bearing performance influence factors of setp cross-section pipe pile is discussed. The results show that setp cross-section pipe pile can decreased the settlement relative to unimate cross-section pipe pile.There is an optimum diameter ratio in theory. For a reasonable pipe diameter ratio to setp cross-section pipe pile, on the one hand, it can effectively improve the stress behaviors of pile and reduces the pile settlement.On the other hand, it also can reduce the dosage of pile material and has good economic benefits.Under the action of the determinate pile load, the increase in length can reduce the settlement,but there is an optimal pile length, by increasing pile length to reduce the settlement of piles has little effect when the pile length exceeds the optimal length of pile.

Expressway construction in mined-out area is faced with some challenges, such as differential settlement and excessive deformation. This paper presents a case study of grouting improvement in a mined-out area under Tangshan-Tianjin expressway, China. The geological conditions in the mined-out area and the mechanisms of surface subsidence are described. A detailed grouting treatment scheme is planned and carried out to reinforce the rock masses. Technical requirements for grouting are described to ensure the reinforcement effect. Verification of the reinforcement effect is carried out using several techniques such as packer test and core drilling method. The results show that the proposed grouting scheme achieves desired effects.

For computing the stress and strain of embankment dams, FEM is employed. Two reservoir filling paths which are constructing filling and completed filling are considered to affect the computing results. It is proved that constructing filling path can enhance the stress of embankment dams. So constructing filling path can take from the hydraulic fracturing of core wall. In addition, constructing filling path can decrease the amount of settlement, and can control the displacement of dam shoulders. In a word, constructing filling path is prior to completed filling path.

As a new method, the three-bench seven-step-excavation method is more and more adopted by the construction of large span tunnel in weak rock mass. At the portal of Yunyangshan tunnel, there is a long section of the mild clay stratum. Considered that the whole excavated cross section area is very large, the three-bench seven-step-excavation method was adopted. In order to investigate the surface settlements caused by the construction of twin tunnels, three typical cross-section were selected. At each section, the ground surface settlements were monitored. It is shown that the depth of tunnel and the construction time of twin tunnels have influence on the surface settlement curves, and the three-bench seven-step-excavation is effective in the mild clay stratum.

the construction method of the ordinary cemented soil stiffness core composite pile is that the pile peripheral cemented soil and the core pile are constructed at different time, which might lead to the situations as the pile body is broken due to the forced inserting of the core pile into the cemented soil mixed pile after the initial setting time, the neighboring finished pile is damaged due to the compacting effect caused by the reaming construction of the core pile and the failure of effectively transferring the load due to the loose joining of stiffness core pile and the cemented soil whose construction is completed after the initial setting time. This paper aims to overcome the defects of the conventional construction method by introducing a new construction technology, and the construction technology is verified to be reliable through the application in the actual engineering projects and has the advantages that the peripheral soil body is significantly strengthened, the composite pile foundation can effectively overcome the harm as uneven settlement of buildings, so as to ensure the normal usage of the buildings, and the construction technology has excellent economic benefits and is significant for the later construction technology for treating the soft soil foundation.

This paper determines deformation law of the new and old subgrade differential settlement by studying on subgrade deformation characteristics and control methods, mainly by using the method of numerical simulation under certain conditions. By comparing the subgrade differential settlement before and after preloading, it is confirmed that preloading treatment can be used to prevent the road structure from the effect of differential settlement during and after highway widening construction process.

This paper introduces a design program for supporting of deep foundation pit through the actual example for Beijing Moisten the world Center project to solve the difficulties of high water content in foundation soil, sensitiveness to surroundings, and difficult control of quick sand and flowing mud in the process of supporting of foundation pit. This program adopts a supporting system with upper soil nailing wall and lower pre-stressed anchor pile and a comprehensive water-proof curtain (Retaining piles + Long spiral high pressure jet grouting & mixing piles) to effectively solve the above difficulties. It is indicated through actual monitoring that displacement and settlement of foundation pit meet the specification and design requirements with excellent water-proof effect. The successful application of this program provides a reference for foundation pit engineering with rich underground water, especially for engineering at hard soil layer and stratum with sand and gravel that are apt to the formation of cement-soil grouting and mixing piles, as well as engineering with limitation on dewatering of foundation pit.

By Inverse analysis through the actual monitoring data and laboratory test, get physical and mechanical parameters of rock and soil mass, use the numerical simulation method to simulate the surface subsidence process of Qingdao city tunnel ZK1 + 810 ~ ZK2 + 810 interval caused by two tunnel excavation methods (the actual use of up and down the steps method and the planned use of the advancing drift whole section method) and comparatively analysis surface subsidence caused by the two methods of construction. The research results show that the surface subsidence causes by the two kinds of construction technology are experienced four stages, namely the impact in advance stage of rapid growth stage, slow growth stage, subsidence and subsidence stabilization stage; The maximum value of surface subsidence caused by up and down the steps method of excavation is greater than that of the advancing drift whole section method; transverse range of ground surface settlement induced by step excavation is about 2D from both sides of the center line of the tunnel, the horizontal range of surface subsidence in advancing drift under construction is generally about 1.5 D ~ 2 D; longitudinal range of the surface subsidence caused by advancing drift under the construction is smaller than method of up and down the steps. The conclusion provides the technical support for the tunnel design and construction.

Xi Ying sluice built in Xishi River, Changzhou City, is a single span sluice with width of 6m. The chamber is pier wall structure of depressed reinforced concrete floor, when the chamber had a filling and discharging water during construction period, we found that the chamber appeared large uneven subsidence. According to the design, construction and other specific circumstances of Xi Ying sluice, by using three-dimensional finite element method to calculate and analyzed the settlement of the sluice, we studied on the genesis of the uneven settlement and predicted the settlement after the running. Analysis shows that the chamber of the uneven settlement is due to the jacking effect of concrete pile. The settlement has been basically completed caused by chamber weight, there will not be a substantial settlement; In the case of blocking water during operation period, chamber’s settlement increment outside the river side and inside the river side are respectively 0.3mm and 0.4mm; through processing, the settlement of chamber won’t affect the normal operation of sluice.

Design and construction of pile foundation in seaside zone face the specific geotechnical conditions. The in-situ geotechnical tests need to be conducted. The quality feature of the piles is assessed according to the results of in-situ small strain test, coring test and pile stress test. For different depth of rock and soil stratum and pile bearing layer, the trial pile stress distribution results and follow-up stress and settlement monitoring provide engineering parameters for design and pile-driving.

A comprehensive settlement on the seismic impact of the gravitational platform, which in two settlement schemes consistently takes into account the vertical and horizontal impact. The first (quasi-static) takes into account the vertical oscillations of buildings, taking into account the added mass on the assumption that the construction zone near the epicenter. This foundation is regarded as a beam lying on the ground, a variable stiffness of the foundation soil in view of plastic deformation. The second design scheme allows for horizontal seismic effects in the assumption that the epicenter is removed from the structure. To account for the seismic load from vibrations Colon dynamic spectral method is used as an expansion of the resulting seismic vibrations in a row on the main forms of oscillations.

The paper presents a structural analysis of the energy consumption of multi-story residential building, obtained based on analysis of the actual data flow and heat consumption, energy audits and data for assessing the state of the energy efficiency of residential buildings. The paper suggests techniques for improving energy efficiency. With the settlement proposed in the article shows the need and economic feasibility of the implementation of organizational and technical measures to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings.

In recent years, many approaches were proposed to deal with the settlement prediction problem. However, because of the complexity of geography and other conditions, the current solutions still have some deficiencies and do not work well. To improve the accuracy of settlement prediction, the authors of this paper propose an extended BP network-based approach. This method first designed the model of BP network according to the dataset. This network includes one input layer, one output layer, one middle layer and an extended middle layer. After trained by samples, this network is used to predict the settlement value. The experiment indicates that our approach is available and work well in most situations.

Foundation subsidence is an important factor affecting the life of the highway, as well as one of the important evaluation indicators of the foundation disposal measures. In this paper, by selecting typical foundations of Jile express highway, FLAC3D was used to simulate the natural foundation settlement under different subgrade height considering the impact of groundwater levels in the Yellow River flood area. The relationship between the time T (Month) from subgrade construction completed to stabilization and the subgrade height H was found as: T=0.36H2-1.63H+33.47, and the appropriate value of time was got to be placed under different circumstances.

It is becoming a great challenge for civil engineers to design a foundation which able to minimize the effect of an earthquake. A major earthquake produces a strong ground motion in the subsoil and surface structures supported on the soil mass will be induced to move and absorb the dynamic forces. Seismic retrofit of existing foundations is an alternative. However, the modification of this existing foundation toward earthquake resistances raises issues which are far from being totally resolved. Innovative material such as EPS is widely accepted in structural engineering due to its characteristic to absorb the dynamic force effectively. This EPS material demonstrated the practicality and has been applied for geotechnical engineering for various reasons. Based on this, a research which is related to the application of EPS in mitigating the earthquake forces, particularly for raft foundations was conducted properly in this research. The various types and thickness of EPS located beneath the raft foundation and over the soft soil are studied. A finite element program is utilized to develop the computer simulation models. Based on the results, Expended Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam, placed beneath the raft foundation is able to produces the minimum settlements when subjected to earthquake loading rather than raft foundation modeled without EPS and increasing the density of EPS will simultaneously decrease the settlement of a foundation.

Road settlement often occurs because that soil cannot accommodate the load capacity. Therefore, the study to analysis of lightweight concrete “cakar ayam” foundation was conducted. The idea of “cakar Ayam” concept was introduced by Prof. Dr. Ir. Sediyatmo. Objective of these studies was achieved which is to determine the settlement value of lightweight concrete “Cakar Ayam” foundation design on soft clay, sand, clayey silt under the different loads. Hence, the effectiveness of lightweight concrete “cakar ayam” foundation on that soil, have been able to determined according the settlement value was obtained. Implementation of research was doing using Plaxis 3D foundation software. The foundation design was various according to the several of the column length. The slab thickness, spacing between column, foundation and column size was fixed. Soil parameters to analyse lightweight concrete “cakar ayam” foundation, was obtained from previous studies and Research Center of Soft Soil, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, (RECESS, UTHM). Each design was tested by different loads to get the settlement value. From the results show, the settlements value was obtained show concept of “cakar ayam” foundation, not effective to be implement on soft clay. The settlement value was over 25 mm, when the load 20 kN/m2 was applied on the foundation, to all length of column on soft clay. However, the settlement value was lower than 25 mm, when the load 40 kN/m2 was applied on the foundation, to all length of column on sand and clayey silt. From all the settlement value, it could be seen that clayey silt result was more effective than sand. The settlement value also was decrease when the length of pile was increase. In conclusion, the objective of the study was achieved.

The research achievement of strata movement law caused by subway construction and control standards was summarized and analyzed, and point out that this research on the laws of strata movement (or deformation) caused by subway construction mainly focused on three aspects. The first was research on the ground vertical settlement laws perpendicular to the tunnel excavation direction. The second was research on the ground vertical settlement laws parallel to the tunnel excavation direction. The third was research on the ground horizontal movement regularity perpendicular to the tunnel excavation direction. Through the analysis of the current research results, it is points out the shortages existing in the research, and deeply research in the future. It may provide the theoretical basis, also for practical engineering application provides a certain technical support.

By the MATLAB software the article simulated the local irregularity, the new harmonic excitation superimposed on the initial harmonic to simulate track settlement deterioration, the new uplift excitation superimposed on the initial harmonic to simulate track raised deterioration, as the locomotive model external excitation, using the SIMPACK multi-body dynamics simulation software to analyze the influences of the deterioration of harmonic local irregularity on locomotive wheel-rail vertical force, on the basis of the locomotive wheel-rail interaction dynamics index by the locomotive vehicle dynamics theory. The simulation results show that when the deterioration of harmonic local irregularity occurs, even if the amplitude of deterioration is small, which will cause serious deterioration of wheel-rail dynamic response and strong shock and vibration of wheel-rail .The larger amplitude of harmonic local irregularity, the greater of the maximum wheel-rail vertical force. When deterioration of the amplitude exceeds a certain value, the maximum of the wheel-rail vertical force exceedes the limit, which will cause derailment. The wheel-rail dynamic interaction increases with the speed increasing. At the same speed (such as 120km/h), harmonic local irregularity settlement deterioration compareing to harmonic local irregularity raised deterioration, the maximum of the wheel-rail vertical force increases 14.4%. Therefore, local irregularity deterioration or the speed of the locomotive should be strictly controlled.

The excavation of the tunnel will inevitably cause the displacement of soil layer, and then further threatens the safety of high-speed railway operation. Under the engineering background of high-speed rail’s box culvert, using the technique of MIDAS/GTS, the establishment is based on 3 d finite element model of tunnel, soil mass and box culvert, to analyze the effects of box culvert settlement that led by shield tunnel excavation. The research indicates that tunnel excavation causes settlement of box culvert to some large extents, the soil mass should be reinforced to ensure the safety of the high-speed railway operations during the shield construction.

There are many engineering characteristics for soft ground. It is an urgent problem for engineering construction to predict settlement according to the features of soft ground and existing settlement data. In this paper, we used the measured settlement data of soft ground, then come up with the prediction method of soft ground settlement based on the BP artificial neural network in the Matlab simulation environment. This method can modelling highly complex and nonlinear earth structures directly based on real samples. Practical test showed that this method has a high degree of accuracy, and it is very valuable to instruct construction and guarantee the stability of the ground.

In order to study the vertical displacement distribution of foundation pit in the process of step-by-step excavation, combined with a foundation pit project, numerical simulation analysis with finite element software was carried in the research. The results show that: in the process of excavation, the maximum settlement of soil outside the pit is 41.4 mm, which is 2.95 ‰ of pit excavation depth and conforms to the recommended value in specifications. The maximum vertical displacement of soil at the bottom of foundation pit is in the center of pit. Its value is gradually increasing with the excavation, and the maximum is 60.1 mm, which is 4.32 ‰ of foundation pit depth,also,it conforms to the specifications proposed value. The proposed scheme can satisfy the vertical displacement of foundation pit excavation in the construction process.

In recent years, the application of super-long piles gradually increased, therefore the research about effective pile length is imminent. This paper summarized the meaning of effective pile length from two different points, bearing capacity and settlement. Analyzed its application and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the various effective pile length calculation methods, it has the important guiding significance and application value to the reasonable pile length design of the present actual project.

A method of predicting ground deformation caused by shield constructing was proposed with support vector machine. With Matlab language, a predicting model of ground deformation caused by shield constructing based on SVM was designed, 11parameters (soil internal friction angle, cohesive force, buried depth, excavate speed, total thrust, average support pressure of the front two ring pressure tank, average support pressure of the front one ring pressure tank, average soil pressure of pressure tank, shield cutterhead total torque, synchronous grouting quantity, unearthed amount) were chosen for ground deformation influence factors, then an intelligent predicting model of ground deformation caused by shield constructing was built, and the forecast model was used for surface settlement prediction in shield tunneling of Shenzhen metro.

In the big cities, any construction nearby the metro structure become critical to the safety of the metro,especially for deep foundation pit engineering.In such case,Pile-anchor supporting system is normally used, however different deformation shape of the supporting wall will bring different deformation of the metro structure.This paper analysed the relations between the pile-anchor supporting system and the nearby metro structures and stated how to control the nearby metro structure deformation through the design of the Pile-anchor supporting system.The analysis showed the following conclusions:If the nearby metro structure is closer to the ground surface, it will be more sensitive to the deformation of the piles-anchor system;Shape 1 & 2 are better to control the metro structure deformation,Shape 3 will result bigger settlement;the metro structure above and in the middle of the foundation bottom level are very much influenced by the deformation of the piles;If the deformation of metro structure exceeds the allowable value, other measures should be considered.

The calculation for the gravitational settling and position of a sunken ship can provide important information for a reasonable salvage program. A 3D elastic-plastic dynamic finite element model was established to calculate the gravitational settling of a sunken ship in soft foundation of Tianjin port in China. The results showed that a large amplitude settlement had happened in previous seconds, and then settlement tended to be stable. The stable value was in keeping with the field observation value. Besides, a collapse pit on the top surface of soils under the hull induced by the gravity of dredge was formed while soils around the compression region were raised. Moreover, the strain value increased rapidly in previous seconds which induced a large amplitude settlement of the ship and then tended to be stable.