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During Food and Drug Administration inspections of 12 imitation cream pie producers, 453 finished product samples and 350 line samples were collected and analyzed bacteriologically. Sanitary conditions in the plants varied from good to poor and, in general, were reflected in the bacteriological results. The survey revealed that, in the great majority of cases, frozen imitation-cream pies produced in plants operating under good conditions of sanitation had the following bacteriological content: (i) a most probable number (MPN) of fewer than three Escherichia coli cells per gram (i.e., absent from all tubes in the methodology employed), (ii) an average MPN of fewer than 50 coliforms per gram (10 or more pies), (iii) the absence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in 0.1-g portions, and (iv) an aerobic plate count of fewer than 25,000 per gram (geometric mean of 10 or more pies).