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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a well-known medicinal plant, has more than 20 effective components. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate foliar fungal endophyte communities of S. miltiorrhiza and explore the inside relationship between host-specific fungal endophytes and effective components accumulation. Five plant samples were collected from four geological different provinces in China. Foliar fungal endophyte communities were determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the ITS region. Effective components were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that S. miltiorrhiza foliage harbored a large diversity of fungal endophytes. Principal component analysis revealed similar T-RFLP profiles and the characteristics of the 24 effective components among the five samples, which could be clustered into three groups. In foliar T-RFLP profiles derived from the restriction digestion by CfoI, HaeIII, MspI, or TaqI, there were identical 45, 42, 38, and 34 terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) from the five samples. We consider these T-RFs as host-specific fungal endophytes. Correlation analysis of these T-RFs' area and 24 effective components contents revealed a significant correlationship between some host-specific fungal endophytes and foliage or root effective components accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]