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Previous investigations suggested that Streptomyces jiujiangensis JXJ 0074T can secrete antialgal compounds. In this study, an antialgal compound was isolated from the cultured broth of S. jiujiangensis JXJ 0074T by using bioassay methods. Based on spectroscopic data, the active compound was identified as 2′-deoxyadenosine, which exhibited a greater antialgal activity against cyanobacteria than its analogues such as adenosine, guanosine, and 2′-deoxyguanosine. The antialgal activity of 2′-deoxyadenosine increased with the content and time. 2′-Deoxyadenosine severely damaged the vegetative cells of cyanobacteria, causing crumpling, collapse, expanding, perforation, breakage of filamentous cyanobacteria, and decrease of the chlorophyll. However, 2′-deoxyadenosine seemed to have less impact on the morphology of heterocysts of filamentous cyanobacteria. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the treated cells of M. aeruginosa FACHB-905 initially increased with 31.14 ± 2.00 % higher than that of the control after 36 h and then decreased quickly. On the same time, there were rapid increases in superoxide anion radical (O2 −) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents with 315.53 ± 12.81 and 84.72 ± 6.15 % higher than these of the controls at 60 h, respectively. The intracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) content in the treated cells of M. aeruginosa FACHB-905 increased by 36.34 ± 7.35 % 1 day later, followed by a rapid decrease with a rate of 90.50 ± 1.08 % 8 days later, while the extracellular MC-LR content showed no significant difference with the control. Five days after adding 15 μg/ml of 2′-deoxyadenosine to the culture of M. aeruginosa FACHB-905, there was no 2′-deoxyadenosine detected by HPLC, suggesting that 2′-deoxyadenosine completely degraded. This study provides a new clue to screen natural-based antialgal compounds from nucleoside analogues.