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The paper presents a method for automated defect identification from fringe patterns. The method relies on computing the fringe signal’s Wigner–Ville distribution followed by a supervised machine learning algorithm. Our machine learning approach enables robust detection of fringe pattern defects of varied shapes and alleviates the limitations associated with thresholding-based techniques that require careful control of the threshold parameter. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated via numerical simulations to identify different types of defect patterns at various noise levels. In addition, the practical applicability of the method is validated by experimental results.

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a technique that has high potential for analyzing biological samples and has been successfully applied to the study of cells and cell lines providing information about important parameters such as refractive index, morphology, and dry mass, among others; it has also found applicability to study the effects of therapeutic treatments. Finding the size and shape of cells is important since they tend to change in the presence of some pathologies. In this research work, we obtain the morphology thickness and refractive index of the A375 melanoma cell line through a slight tilting of the cell in a DHM setup. Further, the development of a novel mathematical expression based on this tilt and in the optical phase difference is presented. We show images of melanoma cells with the refractive index information included, and their morphology thickness as rendered from the holographic phase maps recorded with DHM.

Time average digital holography under random excitation or square wave excitation is established as an on-site non-destructive testing tool for defect detection in large metallic and composite sandwich structures due to its high sensitivity, single exposure interferogram, and fast inspection capability. However, extensive calibration studies are necessary to corroborate the defect type and defect size with the excitation frequency range and excitation magnitude. In this paper, a method to simulate a time average digital holographic fringe pattern under random excitation is proposed with the idea to minimize the number of calibration experiments and also for better evaluation of the size and type of defect. The proposed method circumvents the requirement for a closed form expression for the complex characteristic fringe function for time average interferometry under random excitation. The computed fringe pattern is illustratively compared with an experimental time average digital holographic fringe pattern.

This paper presents a real-time measurement method for the skin temperature of the human arm. In this method, the air temperature close to the arm skin is measured via large lateral shearing interferometry, thus avoiding the possible influences of the different physical characteristics of different people, while maintaining the advantages of optical measurement, including its noncontact, noninvasive, and rapid features. The method captures the real-time fringe patterns generated using a parallel-sided plate when a collimated laser light beam transfers through the air surrounding the arm to be measured. Additionally, the phase difference distribution caused by the temperature difference is calculated in combination with the background fringe patterns. The phase difference in the light close to the arm skin is then estimated via a linear fitting method. Accordingly, based on the size parameters of the arm cross section and the ambient temperature monitored in real time, the air temperature close to the arm skin, which is considered equal to the arm skin temperature, is determined while considering the heat conduction effect. Experimental measurements of the temperature of human arm skin were conducted using the proposed method, and the axillary temperatures of the same person before and after the experiments were also measured using an electronic thermometer and a mercury thermometer. Good agreements were found, verifying the reliability of the proposed method. Moreover, based on this method, the possibility for the construction of a real-time body temperature measurement system is also discussed.

We propose a dual shearing shearography system based on a spatial light modulator (SLM). Compared to spatial phase shift shearography, the advantages of this system include its simple structure, relatively high light efficiency, and good phase map quality. Digital shearography is a fast, practical, non-contact, whole-field, and anti-turbulent optical approach to non-destructive testing (NDT) and strain measurement. Because the shearing direction determines the strain direction being measured, tests using multiple shearing directions are sometimes required to obtain strain in different directions and detect all defects. Various setups, based on the spatial phase shift method, have been proposed to solve the issue. While some of these setups perform well, they may also introduce new problems, such as poor phase map quality and low light efficiency. We present a sequential dual shearing shearographic system with good phase map quality and high light efficiency. Due to the SLM’s high-speed response, capable of reaching hundreds of hertz, SLM-based dual shearing direction shearography allows for fast temporal phase shifting and shearing direction switching while providing very good phase map quality. Unlike the spatial phase shift method, which has low light efficiency due to its need for a small aperture to enable a relatively large speckle size to cover multiple pixels, the proposed method is based on a fast temporal phase shift and does not have this limitation. In addition, SLM can provide a programmable and adjustable shearing method in any direction and distance, which is beneficial for strain measurements and NDT requiring strain measurements in different directions using a small and precise shearing distance. We describe in detail the theory derivation and non-destructive testing application results for the SLM-based dual shearing direction shearography system.

In this paper, a volume phase holographic optical element based digital holographic interferometer is designed and used for quantitative phase imaging of biological cells [white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria cells]. The experimental results reveal that sharp images of the S. aureus bacteria cells of the order of ∼ 1 µ m can be clearly seen. The volume phase holographic grating will remove the stray light from the system reaching toward the grating and will minimize the coherent noise (speckle noise). This will improve the sharpness in the image reconstructed from the recorded digital hologram.

A dual optical configuration to inspect the internal and external mechanical response of a composite specimen is presented. The inspection simultaneously uses two equally aligned optical techniques, digital holographic interferometry and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography, to retrieve surface and internal data, respectively. The sample under study is a composite specimen of poly-methyl-methacrylate reinforced with metallic particles. Two different sets of samples are analyzed to compare their mechanical behavior. A homemade, fully controlled testing machine is used to apply a controlled compression load while each technique registers an image. In this form, the surface and internal optical phase measurements are correlated to the same compression value for comparison purposes. Results for each technique are directly presented as simultaneous displacement maps, and a discussion and conclusion of this proposed dual method of inspection are presented.

Non-contact measurement of displacement undergone by a deformed object is an important application problem in digital holographic interferometry. Such measurements usually demand reliable estimation of interference phase even in the presence of severe noise. This article describes a method for non-contact displacement testing by investigating a robust phase retrieval approach in digital holographic interferometry. The approach is based on eigenspace processing of the complex interference field signal in digital holographic interferometry. The performance of the proposed method for phase retrieval under severe noise conditions is illustrated using simulation results. The practical utility of the proposed method is demonstrated for dynamic deformation analysis using experimental data from digital holographic interferometry.

High-speed measurement of temporally varying displacement derivatives of a deformed object is an important and challenging problem in precision metrology. This paper proposes an approach for temporal deformation analysis using digital holographic interferometry, where a series of digital holograms is recorded corresponding to a test object subjected to variable load. Numerical reconstruction followed by superposition of these holograms provides a huge stack of interference or fringe pattern data, which needs to be processed to extract the displacement derivative information. This operation involves great computational complexity, and we propose a highly efficient Wigner-Ville distribution method based on a graphics processing unit to address the challenge. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach for high-speed deformation analysis in digital holographic interferometry.

A digital holographic interferometer using a collimated beam in transmission mode to illuminate a flow coming from a diffusion flame is presented. The optical system proposes an indirect visualization of the flow to avoid saturation at the sensor. It can detect the intensity signal as a classical schlieren technique and the phase changes due to the presence of the flow. It is possible to retrieve a pseudo-3D flow’s view and different gradient maps using the optical phase. According to the knife edge’s position, these gradients could be observed in classical schlieren one at a time, but the proposed system could retrieve them all with a single image hologram. As proof of principle, a flame’s flow is simultaneously observed with the optical system and a Z-type schlieren set up. A comparison of the visualized flows at different stages of the flame is presented and discussed. A temperature profile is obtained and validated with a thermocouple’s point thermal measurements taking the resulting optical phase. Results from both optical techniques show a good agreement.

A collimated transmission beam interferometer is used to measure the water motion provoked by the fish swimming through it. An indirect measurement of the fish motion impact in the water contained in a home-type aquarium is detected. Measurements of the whole aquarium are possible due to a large diameter collimated laser beam in the interferometer’s object arm. This beam goes through the aquarium, and any perturbation inside it deflects the collimated beam. The interferometer detects a phase difference, i.e., the beam through the disturbed water undergoes different optical paths. This optical phase change was first demonstrated by means of a simple test using spherical steel marbles placed in a cuvette. For this, the small water movements for a single steel marble are detected with the acquired optical phase. Next, the aquarium optical phase results show water movements according to the fishes’ size and swimming speed. It is worth mentioning that no additives were added to the aquarium’s fresh water during the tests, so the water was crystal clear.

Given the need for a simple and fieldable diagnostic that can enable the study of ultrahigh-speed phenomena in three dimensions, this work presents experiments and simulations to optimize and demonstrate a digital in-line holography system with an acquisition rate of 1 million frames per second. The system is used to study the collision of a supersonic projectile and its bow shock with 1 mm diameter water droplets. The holograms acquired are three-dimensionally reconstructed and de-twinned to analyze shock wave phenomena in these supersonic impact events and demonstrate the potential of ultrahigh-speed digital holography as a robust technique to probe complex shock wave dynamics and droplet breakup.

This paper discusses noise and bias in the method of holographic interferometry applied to the study of acoustics phenomena. The influence of noise on the measurement of acoustic pressure is described by an analytical approach. Relationships to quantify the minimum measurable fluid density and acoustic pressure are given by taking into account the experimental parameters of the setup. These parameters are related to the spatial bandwidths, number of electrons in pixels, readout noise, and quantization noise. Experimental results show that theoretical relations are relatively close to experimental data and that the lower pressure measurement limit is on the order of 15 Pa for the acoustics pressure. The case of waveguides excited by an internal or external acoustic source is investigated. Specifically, for the case of studies in thermoacoustics, this paper demonstrates that the parasitic coupling of vibrations can be compensated. The proposed method is based on the determination of the amplitude and phase of the parasitic oscillation, requiring a few assumptions related to the physics of the underlying phenomenon. Successful compensation is obtained and yields experimental data in agreement with the theoretical predictions.

The current study investigates evaporation of liquid hydrocarbons from a circular well cavity of small depth. Gravimetric analysis is performed to measure the evaporation rate and digital holographic interferometry is used for the measurement of normalized mole fraction profile inside the vapor cloud above the well. Phase unwrapping has been implemented to obtain continuous phase distribution in the image plane. The Fourier–Hankel tomographic inversion algorithm is implemented to obtain the refractive index change distribution inside the object plane, i.e., vapor cloud. Four liquid hydrocarbons, i.e., pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane, are studied. The radius of circular well cavities is varied in the range of 1.5 to 12.5 mm. Results using a quasi-steady, diffusion-controlled model are compared with the experimental evaporation rate. Measured evaporation rates are higher than the diffusion-limited model calculation for all working fluids and well sizes. This difference is attributed to natural convection occurring inside the vapor cloud due to the density difference between the gas–vapor mixture and the surrounding air. Holographic analysis confirms the presence of natural convection by revealing the formation of a flat disk-shaped vapor cloud above the well surface. Experimentally obtained vapor cloud shape is different from the hemispherical vapor cloud obtained using the pure diffusion-limited evaporation model. The gradient of vapor mole fraction at the liquid–vapor interface is higher compared to that of the diffusion-limited model because of the additional transport mechanism due to natural convection. Transient analysis of the vapor cloud reveals time invariant overall shape of the vapor cloud with a reduction in average magnitude of vapor concentration inside the vapor cloud during evaporation. The existing correlation for sessile droplet cannot successfully predict the evaporation rate from a liquid well. A new correlation is proposed for evaporation rate prediction, which can predict the evaporation rate within a root mean square error of 5.6% for a broad size range of well cavity.

Speckle shearing interferometry (shearography) is a full-field strain measurement technique that can be used in vibration analysis. In our case, we apply a method that combines the time-averaging and phase-shifting techniques. It produces binary phase patterns, where the phase changes are related to the zeroes of a Bessel J0 function, typical of time-averaging. However, the contrast and resolution are better compared to traditional time-averaging. In a previous paper, we have shown that this is particularly useful in vibration testing performed under industrial conditions, because fringe patterns are noisier than in quiet laboratory environments. This paper goes a step further in proposing a processing method for estimating the vibration amplitude, for helping non-experts to identify vibration modes. Since shearography measures the spatial derivative of displacement, spatial integration is required. Prior to that, different processes like denoising, binarization, automated nodal line detection, and amplitude assignment are applied. We analyze the performance of the method on synthetic and experimental data, in the function of noise level and fringes density. Results on data acquired in an industrial environment illustrate the good performances of the proposed method.

Instrumented indentation has been used to measure mechanical properties, residual stresses, hardness, and viscoelastic properties, among others, due to its fast and nondestructive procedure. The accurate determination of the contact area between the indenter and the material is important for material property measurements and usually is masked by the pile-up or sink-in phenomenon. This paper presents the application of dual-wavelength image-plane digital holography in order to achieve a full-field determination of the topography around the indentation mark. The optical configuration was able to identify pile-up with magnitudes close to 25 μm. Measurement results were compared with the references performed by a commercial focus-variation device showing positive agreement between the obtained profiles. Additionally, most of the points presented differences between measurements lower than 3 μm.

Digital holographic measurements on planar moving objects are investigated. We discuss the dependence of the interference contrast on velocity and aperture width for both diffusely and specularly reflecting objects. Using spatial phase shifting, the experimental results for motion in parallel and perpendicular to the optical axis are in good agreement with the theoretical considerations. Measurements with object velocities of up to 100 mm/s are conducted using only less than 1 mW of continuous-wave laser light. These considerations are used to determine the optimal angle between the direction of motion and the illuminating beam, resulting in the lowest decrease in contrast with increasing velocity.

A regularized phase tracker (RPT) is an effective method for demodulation of single closed-fringe patterns. However, lengthy calculation time, specially designed scanning strategy, and sign-ambiguity problems caused by noise and saddle points reduce its effectiveness, especially for demodulating large and complex fringe patterns. In this paper, a simplified paraboloid phase model-based regularized phase tracker (SPRPT) is proposed. In SPRPT, first and second phase derivatives are pre-determined by the density-direction-combined method and discrete higher-order demodulation algorithm, respectively. Hence, cost function is effectively simplified to reduce the computation time significantly. Moreover, pre-determined phase derivatives improve the robustness of the demodulation of closed, complex fringe patterns. Thus, no specifically designed scanning strategy is needed; nevertheless, it is robust against the sign-ambiguity problem. The paraboloid phase model also assures better accuracy and robustness against noise. Both the simulated and experimental fringe patterns (obtained using electronic speckle pattern interferometry) are used to validate the proposed method, and a comparison of the proposed method with existing RPT methods is carried out. The simulation results show that the proposed method has achieved the highest accuracy with less computational time. The experimental result proves the robustness and the accuracy of the proposed method for demodulation of noisy fringe patterns and its feasibility for static and dynamic applications.

An effective method is proposed that enables one to simultaneously analyze details of numerous holographic grating patterns over a large area. Unlike the conventional approaches relying on sophisticated lighting and optical systems and dark environment, only a flatbed scanner is needed. Thanks to the “rotate-scan” measurement strategy, details of the holographic grating patterns can be obtained, e.g., spatial distribution of the grating patterns, interval and orientation of the grating grooves within each grating pattern, and defects of the holographic patterns. The method has been verified by applications to two holographic papers of different grating intervals and orientations. The measured values agree well with those obtained with a light optical microscope (LOM). The proposed method is applicable to both transparent and reflective holographic materials of broad grating periodicity.

International audience; This paper proposes a quality assessment of focusing criteria for imaging in digital off-axis holography. In the literature, several refocus criteria have been proposed in the past to get the best refocus distance in digital holography. As a general rule, the best focusing plane is determined by the reconstruction distance for which the criterion function presents a maximum or a minimum. To evaluate the robustness of these criteria, 13 criteria are compared with application on both amplitude and phase objects from off-axis holographic data. Simulation and experimental results lead to define a general rule and to exhibit the most robust criteria for accurate and rapid refocusing in digital holography.

A new technique using digital holography to study the photoelastic isochromatic and isopachic fringes and their respective phases is reported. Our detailed theoretical and experimental analysis shows the possibility of whole-field analysis of every section of stressed photoelastic materials.

Sandwich structures, in the modern aerospace industry, are more sought after due to their high strength to stiffness ratio resulting in significant weight gains. Optical techniques like time-average holography and shearography are preferred in industries for inspection of huge sandwich and composite panels because of whole-field (full coverage) inspection in a lesser time leading to large savings in cost. These techniques conventionally use sinusoidal frequency sweep to capture the local resonance of defective regions. This paper highlights the difficulties with the conventional approach of time-average digital holography (TADH) and proposes a novel defect identification strategy through square wave excitation. The proposed method enhances the speed and accuracy of inspection; thereby it saves cost and increases confidence level. Extensive experiments have been carried out using honeycomb sandwich panels to demonstrate the methodology.

A bone’s fracture could be produced by an excessive, repetitive, or sudden load. A regular medical practice to heal it is to fix it in two possible ways: external immobilization, using a ferule, or an internal fixation, using a prosthetic device commonly attached to the bone by means of surgical screws. The bone’s volume loss due to this drilling modifies its structure either in the presence or absence of a fracture. To observe the bone’s surface behavior caused by the drilling effects, a digital holographic interferometer is used to analyze the displacement surface’s variations in nonfractured post-mortem porcine femoral bones. Several nondrilled post-mortem bones are compressed and compared to a set of post-mortem bones with a different number of cortical drillings. During each compression test, a series of digital interferometric holograms were recorded using a high-speed CMOS camera. The results are presented as pseudo 3D mesh displacement maps for comparisons in the physiological range of load (30 and 50 lbs) and beyond (100, 200, and 400 lbs). The high resolution of the optical phase gives a better understanding about the bone’s microstructural modifications. Finally, a relationship between compression load and bone volume loss due to the drilling was observed. The results prove that digital holographic interferometry is a viable technique to study the conditions that avoid the surgical screw from loosening in medical procedures of this kind.

Typical methods of automatic estimation of focusing in digital holography calculate every single reconstructed frame to get a critical function and then ascertain the focal plane by finding the extreme value of that function. Here, we propose a digital holographic autofocusing method that computes the focused distance using the first longitudinal difference of the magnitude of the reconstructed image. We demonstrate the proposed method with both numerical simulations and optical experiments of amplitude-contrast and phase-contrast objects. The results suggest that the proposed method performs better than other existing methods, in terms of applicability and computation efficiency, with potential applications in industrial and biomedical inspections where automatic focus tracking is necessary.

We propose a low-cost, compact, and field-portable 3D printed holographic microscope for automated cell identification based on a common path shearing interferometer setup. Once a hologram is captured from the portable setup, a 3D reconstructed height profile of the cell is created. We extract several morphological cell features from the reconstructed 3D height profiles, including mean physical cell thickness, coefficient of variation, optical volume (OV) of the cell, projected area of the cell (PA), ratio of PA to OV, cell thickness kurtosis, cell thickness skewness, and the dry mass of the cell for identification using the random forest (RF) classifier. The 3D printed prototype can serve as a low-cost alternative for the developing world, where access to laboratory facilities for disease diagnosis are limited. Additionally, a cell phone sensor is used to capture the digital holograms. This enables the user to send the acquired holograms over the internet to a computational device located remotely for cellular identification and classification (analysis). The 3D printed system presented in this paper can be used as a low-cost, stable, and field-portable digital holographic microscope as well as an automated cell identification system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research paper presenting automatic cell identification using a low-cost 3D printed digital holographic microscopy setup based on common path shearing interferometry.

We propose a phase retrieval method using axial diffraction patterns under planar and spherical wave illuminations. The proposed method uses a ptychographic iterative engine (PIE) for the phase retrieval algorithm. The proposed approach uses multiple diffraction patterns. Thus, adjusting the alignment of each diffraction pattern is mandatory, and we propose a method to adjust the alignment. In addition, a random selection of the measured diffraction patterns is used to further accelerate the convergence of the PIE-based optimization. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, we compare the conventional and proposed methods using a simulation and optical experiments.

In digital holographic and speckle interferometry devoted to solid object displacement measurement, the reflecting properties of the object under study are of importance in designing the observation and laser illumination systems. In practical cases, the objects can show separate zones in which the surface property can simultaneously cause either scattering or specular reflectivity. We present strategies for dealing with both reflectivity types at a time in digital holographic and speckle interferometers. The scattered surface is illuminated with a point source whereas the specular one is illuminated by a diffuser. Both types of surfaces visible across the field-of-view give rise to a specific interferogram with gaps in between, which in turn are interpreted separately related to the sensitivity vector, the latter being defined differently for scattering and specular areas.

This study aims to demonstrate the performances of nonlocal means (NLM) and their variant denoising methods, mainly focusing on NLM-shaped adaptive patches and several NLM-reprojection schemes for speckle noise reduction in amplitude and phase images of the digital coherent imaging systems. In the digital coherent imaging systems such as digital speckle pattern interferometry, digital holographic interferometry, etc., the image quality is severely degraded by additive uncorrelated speckle noise, due to the coherent nature of the light source, and therefore limits the development of several applications of these imaging systems in many fields. NLM and its variant denoising methods are employed to denoise the intensity/phase images obtained from these imaging systems, and their effectiveness is evaluated by considering various parameters. The performance comparison of these methods with other existing speckle denoising methods is also presented. The performance of these methods for speckle noise reduction is quantified on the basis of two criteria matrices, namely, the peak-to-signal noise ratio and the image quality index. Based on these criteria matrices, it is observed that these denoising methods have the ability to improve the intensity and phase images favorably in comparison to other speckle denoising techniques, and these methods are more effective and feasible in speckle-noise reduction.

In order to perform hyperspectral remote sensing, we present a continuous tunable cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) by using potassium dideuterium phosphate (DKDP) with two ring electrodes. DKDP has the good performances of high transmittance in the ultraviolet band and large aperture of 20 mm (the maximum aperture can be 100 mm). Since the resonant frequency of an FPI can be continuously varied with the refractive index change of DKDP caused by the electro-optic effect, the influence of moving parts on resonant frequency can be eliminated. Digital holographic interferometry based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is employed to measure the refractive index modulation of DKDP. The parameters of FPI are characterized by using an experimental setup with frequency locking and temperature control technologies. Taking the temperature-measuring high-spectral-resolution lidar based on Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering as an example, a continuous tunable cavity FPI with the full width at half-maximum of 200 MHz and free spectral range of 11.12 GHz is realized. The results are in good agreement with the designed parameters.

This paper presents a study of speckle effects in measurements of static and vibratory displacements by digital holography. Such effects are shown to arise from changes in speckle fields that often occur between holographic recordings. These may be between recording holograms before and after static deformations or changes in sets of holograms recorded for vibration measurement. If the images do not change between such recordings, the effects appear to be limited mainly to round-off errors.

In this work we implemented dynamic speckle and holographic interferometry techniques to characterize the drying process of solvent-based paint coatings. We propose a simple way to estimate drying time by measuring speckle activity and incrementally fitting experimental data through standard regression algorithms. This allowed us predicting drying time after about 20-30 min of paint application, which is fast regarding usual times required to reach the so-called tack-free state (≈ 2 h). In turn, we used holographic interferometry to map small thickness variations of the coating surface during drying. We also demonstrate that results obtained from both techniques correlate to each other, which allows improvingthe accuracy of the drying time estimation. Fil: Budini, Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Física del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Física del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Mulone, C.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentina Fil: Balducci, N.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentina Fil: Vincitorio, F. M.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional; Argentina Fil: López, A. J.. Universidad da Coruña; España Fil: Ramil, A.. Universidad da Coruña; España

This paper proposes a method for reliable estimation of phase in digital holographic interferometry. The method is based on analyzing the interference field signal locally using a high-resolution signal subspace technique. The proposed method offers single-shot phase retrieval ability and high robustness against severe noise. The performance of the method is tested for phase extraction using numerical simulations. Further, the practical applicability of the method is validated for experimental fringe patterns obtained in digital holographic interferometry.

The inspection of face sheet bonding, through optical interferometry techniques like holography and shearography, in potted-insert honeycomb-cored sandwich panels is different from the inspection of panels without inserts due to their complex response toward thermal and vibration stressing. In this paper, the dynamic responses of metallic honeycomb-cored sandwich structures with bonded and debonded inserts are studied using time-averaged digital holography and illustrated. At high frequencies, the face sheet regions at perfectly bonded inserts act as hard points, and regions across a debonded insert locally resonate in the sensitivity range of interferometry. Since the discontinuities created by such inserts are very complex to simulate numerically, we simulate potted-insert sandwich structures through plates with multiple holes and with multiple fully and partially bonded local stiffeners to validate this fast inspection procedure. The simulated dynamic response of the plates is compared with the time-averaged digital holography results. The operational deflection shapes near stiffeners are similar to those of fully potted inserts in a sandwich panel. Thus, the extent of debond can be evaluated at high frequencies as simulated through partially bonded stiffeners.

The principles and characteristics of see-through 3D displays are presented. We especially focus on the integral-imaging display system using a holographic optical element (IDHOE), which is able to display 3D images and satisfy the see-through property at the same time. The technique has the advantage of the high transparency and capability of displaying autostereoscopic 3D images. We have analyzed optical properties of IDHOE for both recording and displaying stages. Furthermore, various studies of new applications and system improvements for IDHOE are introduced. Thanks to the characteristics of holographic volume grating, it is possible to implement a full-color lens-array holographic optical element and conjugated reconstruction as well as 2D/3D convertible IDHOE. Studies on the improvements of viewing characteristics including a viewing angle, fill factor, and resolution are also presented. Lastly, essential issues and their possible solutions are discussed as future work.

In the measurement of the diffusion coefficient by digital holographic interferometry, the conformity between the experiment and the ideal physical model is lacking analysis. Two data processing methods are put forward to overcome this problem. By these methods, it is found that there is obvious asymmetry in the experiment and the asymmetry is becoming smaller with time. Besides, the initial time for diffusion cannot be treated as a constant throughout the whole experiment. This means that there is a difference between the experiment and the physical model. With these methods, the diffusion coefficient of KCl in water at 0.33 mol/L and 25°C is measured. When the asymmetry is ignored, the result is 1.839×10(-9) m2/s, which is in good agreement with the data in the literature. Because the asymmetry is becoming smaller with time, the experimental data in the latter time period conforms to the ideal physical model. With this idea, a more accurate diffusion coefficient is 2.003×10(-9) m2/s, which is about 10% larger than the data in the literature.

We propose a two-channel holographic diversity interferometer (2ch-HDI) system for single-shot and highly accurate measurements of complex amplitude fields with a simple optical setup. In this method, two phase-shifted interference patterns are generated, without requiring a phase-shifting device, by entering a circularly polarized reference beam into a polarizing beam splitter, and the resulting patterns are captured simultaneously using two image sensors. However, differences in the intensity distributions of the two image sensors may lead to serious measurement errors. Thus, we also develop a two-channel algorithm optimized for the 2ch-HDI to compensate for these differences. Simulation results show that this algorithm can compensate for such differences in the intensity distributions in the two image sensors. Experimental results confirm that the combination of the 2ch-HDI and the calculation algorithm significantly enhances measurement accuracy.

The technique generally referred to as speckle correlation interferometry may be described as transverse digital holography when phase stepping is applied, because phase stepping allows complete maps to be obtained of the transverse displacement of an object surface. This paper describes the analysis of these maps to obtain surface strain by fitting data to flat surfaces for least square error within sections of the map. Examples are shown for measuring rotation, thermal contraction, and strains around the tip of a notch. Only uniaxial strain is measured; however, the possibility for biaxial measurement is considered.

In this paper, the effect of magnetic fields on the temperature and temperature profile of a diffusion flame obtained from a butane torch burner are investigated experimentally by using digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). Experiments were conducted on a diffusion flame generated by a butane torch burner in the absence of a magnetic field and in the presence of uniform and nonuniform magnetic fields. A single DSPI fringe pattern was used to extract phase by using a Riesz transform and monogenic signal. Temperature inside the flame was determined experimentally both in the absence and in the presence of magnetic fields. Experimental results reveal that the maximum temperature of the flame is increased under the influence of an upward-decreasing magnetic gradient and decreased under an upward-increasing magnetic gradient while a negligible effect on temperature in a uniform magnetic field was observed.

This paper presents a method for extracting multiple phases from a single moire fringe pattern in digital holographic interferometry. The method relies on component separation using singular value decomposition and an extended Kalman filter for demodulating the moire fringes. The Kalman filter is applied by modeling the interference field locally as a multi-component polynomial phase signal and extracting the associated multiple polynomial coefficients using the state space approach. In addition to phase, the corresponding multiple phase derivatives can be simultaneously extracted using the proposed method. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated using simulation and experimental results.

The photothermoplastic medium based on the films of photosensitive polymeric composites with semiconductor properties is developed for application in optical information recording and storage, in holographic interferometry, as well as for medical purposes. This medium was used in the modified holographic device for determination of changes of the refractive index of homogeneous and inhomogeneous liquid objects. The technique and holographic equipment were modified by employing the specially developed and produced transparent cuvette of special shape and the phase shifting interferometry method. Experimentally demonstrated precision of the measurements is not less than 10-5.

A robust digital holography recording design is presented to complete the work of switching between in-line and off-axis recording methods. We precisely supervise the off-axis angle in off-axis holography, so that the original reconstructed image can be separated by a minimum off-axis angle. In the design, we can also monitor and remove the negative effects of the reference tilt error in phase-shifting digital holography. Compared with the conventional digital holographic recording configuration, a supervising unit is introduced to control and to monitor the angle between the reference beam and object beam. By the Fourier analysis on the interferograms recorded by the supervising unit and using the corresponding equations, the off-axis angle, which is crucial to reset the object image in holographic reconstruction, can be calculated accurately and then chosen for the best recording angle. For in-line holography, the error affecting the slight tilt of the reference beam on the retrieved object wavefront can be eliminated completely because the tilt angle is detected by another independent device. Furthermore, by using this advanced design, the experimental arrangement can be transformed flexibly from the in-line recording state to the off-axis state or from the latter one to the former without rebuilding the experimental setup. The availability and effectiveness of this design are verified by a series of experiments.

In this paper an alternative low-cost, easy-to-use, and fully automated profilometry setup is proposed. The setup is based on a phase-shifting fringe projection technique with four projected fringe parameters. It uses the well-known triangulation arrangement and low-cost electronic and image acquisition components such as a data acquisition board, a motor controller board, a printer rail, a CMOS webcam, and an LCD projector. The position of the camera, the generation of the fringe pattern, the acquisition of the images, and the calculation of the wrapped and unwrapped phase are all performed in LabVIEW. The setup is portable and can be perfectly adapted to be used in other profilometry techniques such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry and laser scanning profilometry. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

High-precision measurements of mechanical parts' surface topography represent an essential task in many industry sectors. Examples of such tasks are, e.g., precise alignments of opto-mechanical systems, large object deformation measurements, evaluation of object shape, and many others. Today, the standard method used for such measurements is based on use of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Unfortunately, CMMs have severe shortcomings: low measurement point density, long measurement time, risk of surface damage, etc. Indeed, the measurement time rapidly increases with the object complexity and with the density of measurement points. In this paper, we have developed a method for surface topography measurements called "frequency sweeping digital holography" (FSDH). Our developed FSDH method is based on the principles of wavelength scanning interferometry. It allows surface topography measurements of objects with a diameter of several hundred of mms and a high axial accuracy reaching 10 μm. The greatest advantage of the presented FSDH is the fact that the surface topology data are captured in a motionless manner by means of a relatively simple setup. This makes the FSDH method a suitable technique for topography measurements of objects with complex geometries made of common materials (such as metals, plastics, etc.), as well as for the characterization of complex composite structures such as acoustic metamaterials, active acoustic metasurfaces, etc. Measurement method principles, setup details, lateral resolution, and axial accuracy are discussed.

A single-shot three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement by low-coherent optical path difference digital holography with small energy consumption is proposed. The use of a superluminescent diode makes it possible. Weighting of the single hologram and numerical reconstruction give the 3D shape of an object. Experimental results using a simple object (the surface of a button cell battery) are given. By comparison with experimental results using a vertical scanning method, the proposed method is confirmed. The effects of a shift interval of the hologram and a zero-order component on a measurement result are also discussed.

The feasibility and the properties of shift-multiplexed self-referential holographic data storage (SR-HDS) were investigated. Although SR-HDS has attractive features as typified by referenceless holographic recording, its multiplexing properties, which are consummately important for holographic data storage, have not been clarified until now. The results of numerical and experimental evaluations of medium shift dependence in SR-HDS clarified that the shift selectivity is almost the same as in collinear holography. Furthermore, 25 datapages were successfully shift-multiplexed with the shift pitch of 8.3 μm by the numerical simulation.

Optical holographic interferometry (HI) is realized by two well-known techniques: double exposure holographic interferometry (DEHI) and real-time holographic interferometry (RTHI). However, the digital version of HI is typically realized numerically by DEHI. The main problem in digital implementation of RTHI is the lack of commercially available cameras and spatial light modulators with the same pixel size. This mismatch results in lateral and transversal magnifications of an object wavefront reconstruction. In real-time digital HI the reconstruction of an object in an initial state has to be superimposed on top of the loaded object. In this work, we present and analyze five approaches to overcome the mismatch problem, and the performance of these procedures is numerically quantified and compared. The experimental suitability of these approaches is investigated.

We present a new device, the diffractive optics calibrator (DOC), for measuring etching variations of computer-generated holograms (CGHs). The intensity distribution of the far-field diffraction pattern is captured and fitted to a parametric model to obtain local etching parameters such as the duty cycle, etching depth, and grating period. The sensitivity of each etching parameter is analyzed, and design choices are provided. For the wavefront created by the CGH, the DOC is capable of measuring variations in these parameters that cause 1 nm peak-to-valley phase errors. System performance is verified by measurements from a phase shift Fizeau interferometer. This device will be used primarily for quality control of the CGHs. The measurement results can be used to evaluate the fabrication performance and guide future design. DOC is also capable of generating an induced phase error map for calibration. Such calibration is essential for measuring free-form aspheric surfaces with 1 nm root-mean-square accuracy.