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The optical multiplexer was created at a nanoscale plasmonic structure utilizing the finite element method (FEM) with COMSOL version 5.5 software to enable maximum light confinement, high-speed optical systems, and a tiny structure. The metal-insulator-metal technology at a nanoscale dimension is used for creating the 4×1 multiplexer. In this design, the transmission threshold ( T t h r e s h o l d ) is selected to be 100% for separating between logic "1" and logic "0" at a 1310 nm operating wavelength. The modulation depth (MD), contrast ratio (CR), and insertion loss (IL) characteristics were explained to evaluate the performance of the multiplexer. The CR has 3.48 dB, the MD offers an ideal performance with 95.28 %, and the IL has 3.31 dB.

A multiple-input hybrid plasmonic OR logic gate has been constructed, analyzed, and simulated utilizing the finite element method by using the COMSOL software package version 5.5. To realize the suggested three- and four-input hybrid plasmonic OR gate, constructive and destructive interference has been standard among the input ports and control port. The factors used to evaluate the functionality of the nanoscale gate are the contrast ratio, modulation depth (MD), and insertion losses (ILs). In contrast, the optical power ratio at the output port, known as the transmission value ( T value), has been measured and used to distinguish between logic 1 (ON-state) and logic 0 (OFF-state). The transmission threshold value in this article was 25%, and the wavelength range considered to display the result was from 1000 to 2000 nm. The three-input hybrid OR gate occupied a size of 500 n m ×400 n m with transmission amplification results from the best T value of 216.5 % with 98.85% as a MD. In comparison, the four-input OR gate comes with a size of 600 n m ×400 n m at the best T value of 301.5%, supported by a 99.33% as the MD. The IL values for the three-input and four-input designs are -4.07 and -5.4 d B , respectively. The system resonance wavelength is 1310 nm.

The optical 4×2 encoder is organized with a structure of dimensions 920 n m ×400 n m , a resonance wavelength of 1310 nm, and a transmission threshold value of 30%. Based on the finite element method with the COMSOL software package, the proposed hybrid plasmonic encoder has been suggested, analyzed, and simulated, standing on the fundamentals of the constructive and destructive interferences between the light waves. The results were delivered in graphs containing the transmission values versus a wavelength range from 800 to 2000 nm, magnetic field distribution, contrast ratio, modulation depth, and insertion losses. The maximum transmission value reached was 68.4%; the modulation depth was 92.34%; and the contrast ratio was 11.1 dB.