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Tm3+ doped YAlO3 (Tm:YAP) crystals with different concentrations were grown successfully by Czochralski method. The full width at half maximum of 0.007–0.008° shows high crystalline quality. The shape of dislocation etching pit is consistent with its crystal structure. The absorption spectra show an intensive peak located at 794 nm. The fluorescence lifetimes of 6.06, 4.68, 4.22, 4.01, and 1.93 ms decrease monotonically with the increase of Tm3+ concentration in the range of 2–7.5 at%. The fluorescence spectra exhibit two strong peaks appeared near 1775 and 1853 nm, respectively. Among them, the 4 at.% Tm:YAP crystal possesses the largest fluorescence intensity at 1853 nm, indicating that it is a promising gain material operated at ~ 1.9 μm for the development of diode-pumped solid-state lasers and the dopant concentration larger than 4 at.% may cause decline in laser performance owing to larger reabsorption loss and higher nonradiative decay rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]