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With the development of Industry 4.0, collaborative mobile robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in industrial settings, raising important safety considerations in human–robot interaction environments. This study examines the safety issues in collaborative mobile robotics through a case study of a smart factory utilizing quadruped robots. This research aims to contribute to the development of safety management strategies by identifying potential risk factors and analyzing the differences in risk perception among stakeholders. A survey was conducted among 93 operators in the factory to identify the main risk factors, followed by a Delphi study with four groups of experts: robot operators, safety management experts, robot developers, and academic experts. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyze the statistical significance of differences in perception between the groups. The results showed that collision and deviation from the path were the most concerning risk factors. Significant differences were found in the perceptions of several hazards between expert groups, with academic experts rating most hazards highly while robot developers rated them relatively low. The findings highlight how background knowledge and experience influence risk perception in collaborative robotics. These varying perspectives should be considered when developing safety management strategies for mobile robots in industrial settings, suggesting the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration and targeted educational programs.

Rapid urbanization in developing countries poses challenges such as rising crime rates and resource scarcity. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) offer a promising solution to enhance public safety, but their integration requires addressing specific challenges. This study employs the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) methodologies to identify potential hazards and requirements for integrating UAS into public safety systems in urban environments. The research objectives include identifying hazards and challenges, developing safety requirements and guidelines, and proposing strategies for efficient infrastructure investment. The proposed framework, based on STAMP/STPA, includes additional steps to consider early-stage systems and maintain stakeholder traceability. A risk matrix approach is utilized to prioritize risk mitigation measures for cost-effectiveness. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in developing countries seeking to harness the potential of UAS technology for enhancing public safety while addressing the unique challenges posed by rapid urbanization.