Search

Featured Application: A paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator using carbon nanotube composite papers, as developed in this study, has the potential to be used as an energy harvester in fields such as the Internet of Things (IoT). A unique triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using carbon nanotube (CNT) composite papers is proposed in this work. CNT composite papers can be fabricated easily using a method based on the production of Japanese washi paper. To obtain and evaluate the proposed TENGs, several types of CNT composite papers and aluminum plates were prepared. As the CNT composite paper contained many paper fibers, it was expected to be negatively charged, and the aluminum plate was expected to be positively charged across the triboelectric series. Through various experiments, it was confirmed that CNT composite papers could be used as TENGs. In addition, it was found that when a CNT composite paper was used, it contributed to triboelectricity generation, and the contained CNTs efficiently transferred the generated charge to the electrodes. Furthermore, output voltages approaching a maximum RMS value of 300 mV could be obtained. The results of this study will aid in the practical application of paper-based TENGs in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and structural characteristics of handmade paper samples derived from cellulose extracted from grass clippings using two distinct methods as follows: (1) alkali treatment and (2) alkali treatment followed by bleaching, coupled with the incorporation of barium sulfate as a mineral filler. Our investigation revealed that the handmade paper samples' densities, moisture contents, and thicknesses varied within the ranges of 0.436 to 0.549 g/cm3, 5.60 to 2.51%, and 0.41 to 0.50 mm, respectively. The tensile strength and folding endurance of the papers produced through alkali treatment with barium sulfate were notably superior to those produced from bleached pulp and barium sulfate. Our analysis indicates that several critical factors, including paper density, thickness, the crystallinity index, and the microfibrillar structure of cellulose, intricately influence the mechanical and strength properties of the samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we identified characteristic cellulose bonds and examined cellulose's crystalline and amorphous phases. Additionally, the crystallinity index of the samples was determined using both the Segal and peak deconvolution methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed interconnected networks of cellulose fibers with varying thicknesses and lengths, along with incorporated mineral filler within the cellulose fiber structure. Variations in mineral particle retention were attributed to the presence or absence of cellulose microfibrils. These findings contribute to our understanding of the observed strength characteristics of the paper samples and underscore the potential applications of cellulose derived from grass clippings, especially when combined with barium sulfate as a mineral filler in paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores circular economy principles in regard to ethanol production from paper-mill sludge. Environmental sustainability and renewability over fossil fuels make second generation ethanol an attractive energy source in a rapidly growing population and consumption world. Paper sludge (PS), a by-product of the pulp and paper (P&P) industry, can no longer be recycled for paper production and is mainly disposed of in landfills. Therefore, it poses a major environmental challenge. However, it has shown potential as a valuable raw material for ethanol production, along with other pulp and paper products, due to its abundant availability and high cellulosic content. This waste-to-energy (WtE) technology for ethanol production is proposed as an alternative, aligning with circular economy concepts to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste. This review underlines the circular economy aspects of bioethanol production within paper mill sludge management systems. Circular economy principles applied to ethanol production from PS offer a promising avenue for sustainable biofuel development that not only addresses waste management challenges but also enhances the overall environmental performance of biofuel production. Furthermore, economic benefits are described, highlighting the potential for job creation and community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, due to environmental awareness regarding the harmfulness of polymeric materials, there has been a growing interest in using papers, especially those from alternative raw materials. The importance of using all available raw materials is imperative today. Raw materials that were once viewed as waste are now of great importance because they have the ability to replace raw materials that are used irrationally or are lacking. Cereal straw is a lignocellulosic material that could be used in the paper industry and in the production of increasingly prevalent paper packaging. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationships between the qualitative parameters of straw-based printed papers containing 30% agricultural residues (wheat, barley, or triticale). The influence of two qualitative parameters (ink penetration depth and optical ink density) on the print-through was observed using multiple regression analysis on straw-based papers produced at the laboratory level. Throughout the research, 100% recycled wood paper was used as a reference sample. The results of the regression analysis showed that none of the variables individually make a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of the dependent variable in a linear context, that is, they indicate a non-linear interaction between the variables and the specific conditions under which the dependent variable reaches local extremes and changes in the gradient. Considering the results of the regression analysis and the visualization of the relationship, the model was additionally tested with other independent variables (paper type). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the alternative straw-based paper with 30% barley pulp has the best interaction between ink and paper, which is the most similar to the reference sample in terms of printability, while the alternative straw-based paper with 30% wheat generally differs significantly from the reference paper when all three prints are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable use of natural resources is becoming an increasingly important issue today. Stone paper, produced as an alternative to cellulose-based paper from the forest, is rich in minerals and produced without cellulose and water. This study focuses on the behavior of screen-printing ink on two different papers, stone paper and coated sticker paper. Properties such as ink adhesion, rubbing resistance, optical printing ink density, ink consumption, and lightfastness were measured on these surfaces. Solvent- and UV-based inks were used, and printing was carried out on cellulose-based (coated sticker paper) and mineral-based (stone paper) paper layers using three different mesh counts (90, 120, and 140 tpc). The rubbing resistance and lightfastness of the papers were also measured. The present findings revealed that stone paper had the same printability properties as cellulose-based paper. The study concluded that using a 140 tpc mesh with both types of ink results in a high-lightfastness ink layer and lower ink consumption. UV-based inks exhibited high rub resistance across all mesh counts. Additionally, when printing with stone paper, there will be a reduction in ink consumption, thereby achieving cost savings. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that water- and oil-resistant stone paper can be considered an essential alternative in many fields, including the printing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is a significant problem and is increasing gradually as more and more harmful pollutants are being released into water bodies and the environment. Water pollutants are dangerous and pose a threat to all living organisms and the ecosystem. Paper waste is one of the most widespread and largest wastes in the world. This research aims to address two important problems simultaneously: the reduction in solid waste in the environment using activated carbon from paper waste as potential adsorbents and the removal of harmful contaminants from water. Carbon from paper waste was activated with H2O2, HNO3, and KMnO4 for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and MB. SEM, EDX, FTIR, Raman, and BET were used to determine the properties of the materials. The surface morphology of the materials consisted of amorphous particles. EDX shows that all activated samples have a higher content of (O) than carbon paper waste. Adsorption studies showed that there was a stronger interaction between the pollutants and the adsorbent at a higher initial concentration (200 mg/L) than at the lower initial concentrations. The contact time data show that uptake increases when the interaction time between the contaminant and the adsorbent is increased. The tests for the pH of the solution show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) decreases when the pH is gradually increased, whereas the adsorption of MB increases when the pH of the solution is increased. The results fit better with the Freundlich isotherm and PSO models. The temperature studies show that the enthalpy was positive, indicating that the uptake process is endothermic. The Gibbs free energy values were all negative, indicating that adsorption between the adsorbents and the pollutants was favored. After four consecutive cycles, all the samples retained more than 60% of their uptake capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of zirconium-based KZC series crosslinkers with varying zirconium contents and the polyamine-based crosslinker (PBC) on the properties of coated paper, focusing on key performance metrics such as viscosity, wet rub and pick resistance, dry pick resistance, gloss, brightness, ink set-off, and print mottle. The findings reveal that crosslinkers' type and concentration significantly influence the coating colors' viscosity, with PBC demonstrating lower low shear viscosity at lower concentrations. The KZC series showed stable viscosity across a zirconium content range of 7% to 20%, and both crosslinker types enhanced wet rub resistance at higher concentrations. Notably, the KZC series, particularly KZC7, exhibited superior wet pick resistance at increased concentrations, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing the durability of the coating layer. All crosslinkers maintained excellent dry pick resistance, ensuring robust coating performance. While gloss and brightness were generally unaffected, KZC20, which had the highest zirconium content, slightly reduced these optical properties. Ink set-off tests indicated that the KZC series performed better at lower concentrations, whereas higher concentrations led to increased ink set-off, potentially due to over-crosslinking. Print mottle remained consistent across all crosslinkers, indicating uniform coating quality. Overall, the zirconium-based KZC series significantly enhances wet resistance and maintains high performance across various properties, though it may slightly reduce gloss and brightness and increase ink set-off at higher concentrations. PBC offers a balanced performance profile, emphasizing the need for careful crosslinker type and concentration optimization to achieve the desired coating properties for specific applications. This comprehensive evaluation provides valuable insights for developing and optimizing high-performance coated papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenges of data sparsity and personalization limitations inherent in current recommendation systems when processing extensive academic paper datasets. To overcome these issues, the present work introduces an innovative recommendation model that integrates the wealth of structured information from knowledge graphs and refines the amalgamation of temporal and relational data. By applying attention mechanisms and neural network technologies, the model thoroughly explores the text characteristics of papers and the evolving patterns of user behaviors. Additionally, the model elevates the accuracy and personalization of recommendations by meticulously examining citation patterns among papers and the networks of author collaboration. The experimental findings show that the present model surpasses baseline models on all evaluation metrics, thereby enhancing the precision and personalization of academic paper recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Papermaking and printing industry, usability, i.e., legibility of printed text. Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) may cause threats to native biodiversity in ecosystems. Researchers have been investigating all the possible ways that they can be used effectively for other purposes. Since IAPS are capable of forming cellulose fibre nets, in this research, papers were made from three different types of IAPS (Japanese knotweed, giant goldenrod, and black locust). This research examined these IAPS papers and their effectiveness when used as printing substrates. In comparison to commercial office paper, the differences in basic, surface, optical, and microscopic properties were measured. As a widely used technology, inkjet printing was applied. We tested a commonly used sans-serif typeface (which has been established as being more legible than other typefaces in previous research) in three different type sizes (i.e., 8, 10, and 12 pt). According to the results, paper made from IAPS could offer some usable properties and acceptable legibility, especially when printing typefaces with specific attributes, such as moderate counter size, higher x-height, and minimal differences in the letter stroke width, are used. An appropriate typographic tonal density should be achieved in combination with an adequate letter size, e.g., 10 pt type size when a sans-serif typeface is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization of wastes as an alternative or secondary raw material in various products and processes has been a solution for the implementation of sustainability, a safer environment, and the concept of circular economy in the efficient use and management of natural resources. To promote sustainability through a circular economy approach, this work tries to demonstrate the environmental gains that are obtained by bringing together, in an industrial symbiosis action, two large industrial sectors (the pulp and paper and the road pavement sectors) responsible for generating large amounts of wastes. A sustainability assessment, based on a life cycle and circular economy approach, is presented here, and discussed using a simple case study carried out on a real scale. Two wastes (dregs and grits) from the pulp and paper industry (PPI) were used to partially replace natural fine aggregates in the production of bituminous mixtures used on the top surface of road pavements. The impacts at a technical, environmental, economic, and social level were assessed and it was shown that this simple waste valorization action is not only positive for the final product from a technical point of view, but also for the environment, causing positive impacts on the different sustainability dimensions that were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic community has witnessed a notable increase in paper publications, whereby the rapid pace at which modern society seeks information underscores the critical need for literature mapping. This study introduces an innovative automatic model for categorizing articles by subject matter using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for classification and category labeling, alongside a proposed ranking method called SSS (Scientific Significance Score) and using Z-score to select the finest papers. This paper's use case concerns industry productivity. The key findings include the following: (1) The Decision Tree model demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy rate of 75% in classifying articles within the productivity and industry theme. (2) Through a ranking methodology based on citation count and publication date, it identified the finest papers. (3) Recent publications with higher citation counts achieved better scores. (4) The model's sensitivity to outliers underscores the importance of addressing database imbalances, necessitating caution during training by excluding biased categories. These findings not only advance the utilization of ML models for paper classification but also lay a foundation for further research into productivity within the industry, exploring themes such as artificial intelligence, efficiency, industry 4.0, innovation, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive soil exhibits significant swellings and shrinkages, which may result in severe damage or the collapse of structures built upon it. Calcium-based admixtures, such as lime, are commonly used to improve this problematic soil. However, traditional chemical additions can increase significant environmental stress. This paper proposes a sustainable solution, namely, the use of lignin fiber (LF) from the paper industry to partially replace lime as an amendment for expansive soils. Both the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the lignin fiber-treated expansive soil are extensively studied. The results show that the mechanical properties of expansive soil are improved by using lignin fiber alone. Under the condition of an optimal dosage of 8%, the compressive strength of lignin fiber-modified soil can reach 193 kPa, the shear strength is increased by 40% compared with the untreated soil, and the water conductivity is also improved with the increase in dosage. In addition, compared with 2% lime-modified soil, the compressive strength of 8% lignin fiber- and 2% lime composite-treated expansive soil increased by 50%, the cohesion increased by 12%, and the water conductivity decreased significantly. The microstructure analysis shows that at an 8% lignin fiber content, lignin fibers interweave into a network in the soil, which effectively enhances the strength and stability of the improved soil. Simultaneously, the fibers can form bridges across the adjacent micropores, leading to the merging of pores and transforming fine, dispersed micropores into larger, connected macropores. Lime promotes the flocculation of soil particles, forming larger aggregates and thus resulting in larger pores. The addition of fibers exerts an inhibitory effect on the flocculation reaction in the composite-improved soil. In conclusion, lignin fibers are an effective addition used to partially replace calcium admixture for the treatment of expansive soil, which provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly treatment scheme for reducing industrial waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flotation deinking is one of the most widely used techniques for the separation of ink particles from cellulose fibers during the process of paper recycling. It is a complex process influenced by a variety of factors, and is difficult to represent and usually results in models that are inconvenient to implement and/or interpret. In this paper, a comprehensive study of several machine learning methods for the prediction of flotation deinking performance is carried out, including support vector regression, regression tree ensembles (random forests and boosting) and Gaussian process regression. The prediction relies on the development of a limited dataset that assumes representative data samples obtained under a variety of laboratory conditions, including different reagents, pH values and flotation residence times. The results obtained in this paper confirm that the machine learning methods enable the accurate prediction of flotation deinking performance even when the dataset used for training the model is limited, thus enabling the determination of optimal conditions for the paper recycling process, with only minimal costs and effort. Considering the low complexity of the Gaussian process regression compared to the aforementioned ensemble models, it should be emphasized that the Gaussian process regression gave the best performance in estimating fiber recovery (R2 = 97.77%) and a reasonable performance in estimating the toner recovery (R2 = 86.31%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of compaction on the soil–water characteristic curve of unsaturated remodeled weakly expansive soils by assessing changes in soil pore structure resulting from variations in compaction. The remodeled weakly expansive soil in the Xinjiang Hami area is taken as the research subject to investigate how compaction affects microscopic pore structure using mercury intrusion testing. Subsequently, mercury intrusion porosimetry is employed to examine pore structure and distribution patterns at different dry densities. Based on the capillary principle and experimental methods (filter paper method and pressure plate method test), modified soil–water characteristic curves are obtained by fitting them with a three-parameter model law. The results indicate that higher dry density leads to an increased air intake value and significantly reduces the total volume of large pores within samples. Both the Fredlund and Xing model and the three-parameter model effectively capture the influence of initial dry density on the development pattern of the soil–water characteristic curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing research interest currently exists in the use of paper as a building material. This work aims to present the results of a measurement campaign developed on innovative waste paper-based building components. The research was carried out in Southern Italy and used some local by-product aggregates. Three different mixture designs were developed in the laboratory by adding three kinds of biomass to a pulp paper blend: fava bean residues (FB), sawdust powder (SP) and coffee grains (CG) extracted from exhausted chaffs. A physical characterization was carried out measuring the bulk density and bulk porosity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the single aggregates was followed by a microstructure analysis of the final components. Bulk density evaluation showed a range between 200 and 348 kg·m−3. Furthermore, thermal performances were measured; the thermal conductivity of the experimented samples ranged from 0.071 to 0.093 W·m−1·K−1, thus it is possible to classify the tested materials as thermal insulators. Moreover, the acoustic properties were evaluated and tested. The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient was measured by the impedance tube on cylindrical specimens. In general, a different behavior was observed between the upper and lower base of each specimen due to the manufacturing process and the shrinkage caused by the different interactions occurring between the aggregates and the pulp paper waste; for example, the presence of sawdust reduced shrinkage in the final specimens, with consequent smaller physical variations among the two faces. The correlation existing between the manufacturing process and the microstructural properties was also investigated by the estimation of the non-acoustical parameters using the inverse method and taking into account the JCA (Johnson, Champoux and Allard) model as a reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impact of soil modifiers on seed germination and soil quality. Mixtures of paper mill sludge (PMS) with camellia oilseed cake (CO) and peat moss (P), as well as with oilseed cake of toothache tree (TO) and peat moss (P), showed promising results as biostimulants for seed germination. The addition of PMS increased the germination index, indicating its beneficial effects on seed performance. The pH levels remained optimal, and the electrical conductivity values stayed within acceptable ranges, suggesting minimal hindrance to plant growth. The cation exchange capacity increased with PMS, enhancing nutrient availability. Composted mixtures exhibited increased phosphorus levels, contributing to soil fertility. While the organic matter content decreased after composting, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio remained balanced. The bulk density increased after composting, potentially improving soil drainage. Overall, the TO-containing mixture demonstrated superior growth rates compared to the P. These findings support the use of PMS-based soil modifiers for enhancing seed germination and improving soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most important units of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The binder used in the wet-laid technique has a significant effect on the properties of CFP. In this work, the polyvinyl butyral/phenol-formaldehyde resin (PVB/PF) composite fibers firstly prepared by a dry spinning method were applied for CFP fabrication to replace traditional binders during the papermaking process and remove the PF impregnation process. In the composite fibers with a mass ratio of 5:5, PF phase with a size of about 2~3 μm evenly distributed in PVB matrix. PVB and PF were miscible to some degree, which was beneficial for their binding effect during hot-press. These composite fibers can successfully bind carbon fibers (CFs) during the papermaking process, and their residual carbon efficiently welded the CFs after heat treatment. The content and length of composite fibers in the mat affected the binding structure among CFs, which influenced the properties of CFP, increased the composite fibers' content and reduced their length, significantly improving the strength of CFP. Therefore, the application of this solid fiber binder could enhance the comprehensive properties of CFP by adjusting the fibers' parameters in the mat and also make the fabrication of CFP more environmentally friendly and low-cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research results and evaluation of the applicability of the original composition of hybrid paper based on silver nanowires (AgNWs), cellulose pulp (CP), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented and discussed. The material tested was used to manufacture sensors for mechanical deformation resulting from external influences or related to human activity interactions. The sensors were fabricated using an AgNWs + CP suspension and additives by the vacuum filtration method. The substrate obtained was machined and then laminated with a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The recorded responses to selected types of imposed mechanical interactions in the form of changes in the relative resistance of the sensor throughout the tests showed a close cause-and-effect relationship. The response of the tested systems when applying an alternating magnetic field was also observed. The results indicate that the proposed solutions can find application in the monitoring of mechanical interactions resulting from the dynamic behavior of physical objects, as well as derived from selected human vital functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue in the journal Applied Sciences titled "Feature of Review Papers in Nanotechnology and Applied Nanosciences." The special issue aims to gather review papers that highlight recent developments and applications in the field of nanosciences. The seven contributions in this special issue cover a range of topics, including the use of nanocellulose for cultural heritage preservation, protective coatings for metal-based bipolar plates in water electrolysis, carbon dioxide electrocatalytic reduction reactions using transition metal sulfide nanomaterials, plasmonic techniques for detecting micro- and nano-plastics, graphene-based perfect absorbers, nano titanium dioxide for hydrogen production and storage, and X-ray spectroscopy studies of metal-salen complexes. The special issue provides a sample of the diverse applications of nanotechnology and addresses important issues in our polluted and climate-degraded world. [Extracted from the article]

Sitting posture recognition systems have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in various domains, including healthcare, ergonomics, and human-computer interaction. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing sitting posture recognition systems. Through an extensive examination of relevant research articles and conference papers, we identify and analyze the underlying technologies, methodologies, datasets, performance metrics, and applications associated with these systems. The review encompasses both traditional methods, such as vision-based approaches and sensor-based techniques, as well as emerging technologies such as machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Additionally, we examine the challenges, constraints, and future trends in the field of sitting posture recognition systems. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who want to comprehend the most recent developments and latest trends in sitting posture recognition technology will find great value in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Thermal Material Characterisation. Determining thermal material properties such as thermal diffusivity can provide valuable insights into a material's thermal characteristics. A well-established method for this purpose is flash thermography using Parker's half-rise equation. It assumes one-dimensional heat transfer for thermal diffusivity estimation through the thickness of the material. However, research evidence suggests that the technique has not developed as much as the reflection mode over the last decade. This systematic review explores the current state-of-the-art in through-transmission thermography. The methodology adopted for this review is the SALSA framework that seeks to Search, Appraise, Synthesise, and Analyse a selected list of papers. It covers the fundamental physics behind the technique, the advantages/limitations it has, and the current state-of-the-art. Additionally, based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context (PICOC) framework, a specific set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was determined. This resulted in a final list of 81 journal/conference papers selected for this study. These papers were analysed both quantitatively and quantitatively to identify and address the current knowledge gap hindering the further development of through-transmission thermography. The findings from the review outline the current knowledge gap in through-transmission thermography and the challenges hindering the development of the technique, such as depth quantification in pulsed thermography and the lack of a standardised procedure for conducting measurements in the transmission mode. Overcoming some of these obstacles can pave the way for further development of this method to aid in material characterisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased pressure on the availability of wood biomass in the EU and the regulatory attempts to lower CO2 values, where wood-based biomass plays a crucial role in carbon sequestration, the use of cellulose derived from alternative sources is gaining increased interest in the pulp and paper industry as well as in other industries. The processing properties of alternative fiber-based packaging need to be checked in current processing operations with other types of materials and recycling workflows. For example, in the production of folding boxes, after printing other converting properties such as glueability are also of great importance. The adhesive absorption and bonding strength of materials are important as adhesive joints of packaging can interfere with the protective function. In the presented research, three different paperboards produced on a pilot scale from alternative raw material sources were tested. Two paperboards were produced from the alien invasive plants Japanese knotweed and black locust, and one from residual sawdust. The basic paperboard properties were tested regarding paperboard porosity, roughness, z-directional tensile strength, and dynamical behavior regarding liquid interaction (contact angle and liquid penetration dynamic), as water-based adhesives were used in the research. For adhesive joint strength testing, Y- and T-peel adhesion testing was performed on the joint paperboard samples, as still there is no fully standardized method for the evaluation of such fiber-based material properties. The results indicate differences in the penetration dynamics of liquids. This parameter had the highest influence on the peel adhesion strength, while porosity, roughness, and dynamic contact angle were not so significant. Regarding the two adhesive joint tests, the differences in separate materials regarding peel adhesion curves show similar results. However, the Y-peel maximum force values are higher due to the testing setup (in comparison to the T-peel test). The paperboards made from invasive plants showed adhesive joint failures which are more suitable for tamper-proof packaging due to their low surface strength and crack propagation into the fiber structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this, various technologies have been studied, such as thin-film coating, which mixes nanocellulose with a coating color to create a gas barrier, or imparts water and moisture resistance by coating the paper in a biodegradable polymer [[4]]. To replace plastics in paper, the produced paper must not only have gas barrier properties, water and moisture resistance, and preservation properties like plastics [[3]], but also have the property to be decomposed quickly when thrown away. It is of great honor to present this Editorial for the Special Issue "Advances in Pulp and Paper Technologies". [Extracted from the article]

Arsenic is a metalloid frequently found in contaminated sites, especially in the soil. In this regard, soil contamination has attracted researchers' attention because it affects soil suction, which is essential in unsaturated soil mechanics. Due to its reliability and low cost, the filter paper method is frequently used to evaluate soil suction. However, it is laborious and time consuming. As an alternative, different mathematical models have been developed to estimate natural soil's suction. The objective of this study was to elucidate if Fuentes' model (using fractal, Mualem, and Burdine restrictions) can be used to estimate the soil-water retention curve of an arsenic-contaminated soil by comparing it with the filter paper method data already reported. The results showed that under natural conditions, Fuentes' model provided similar results to those obtained by the filter paper method. The model also suggested modification of the soil's structure, observed by the increase in the soil's particle diameter after contamination. However, Fuentes' model was observed to overestimate the suction values for contaminated soils. This observation highlights the necessity to use a soil stabilization method to control the soil's volume variations. The data also showed that Fuentes' model overestimated the hydraulic conductivity function of the contaminated soil. Hence, the retention potential does not reflect the behavior of the contaminated soils and can induce misinterpretation of contaminant transport evaluation in soil. Nevertheless, further analyses should be performed to investigate the direct applicability of this model to soils contaminated with other substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers in the construction field have explored the utilization of augmented reality (AR) and its impact on the industry. Previous studies have shown potential uses for AR in the construction industry. However, a comprehensive critical review exploring the ways in which AR supports synchronized communication is still missing. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining trends identified in the literature and by analyzing both beneficial and challenging attributes. This work was performed by collecting numerous journal and conference papers, using keywords including "augmented reality", "construction", and "synchronous communication". The papers were then categorized based on the reported attributes that were indicated to be challenges or benefits. Throughout the analysis, several benefits were consistently reported, including training, visualization, instantly sharing information, decision making, and intuitive interaction. Similarly, several challenges were consistently reported, such as difficulty in manipulation, unfriendly interface, device discomfort, and sun brightness. Regarding other attributes, such as field of view, cost, safety hazards, and hands-free mode, researchers provided divergent reports regarding whether they were beneficial or detrimental to AR communication. These findings provide valuable guidance for future researchers and practitioners, enabling them to leverage AR for synchronized communication in ways that consistently offer value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic is a metalloid frequently found in contaminated sites due to its easy mobilization in the environment. This has attracted the researchers who have studied this phenomenon from an environmental engineering perspective. Although there is evidence indicating that soil contamination impacts its geotechnical behavior, there is no available information about the changes in the soil's suction after its contamination. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the soil–water retention curve of arsenic-contaminated soil. An unsaturated soil sample was contaminated with arsenic at two different concentrations and a filter paper calibration curve was developed for each contaminant concentration. Soil contamination decreased the BET area and increased its pore sizes. At a saturation rate of 0.8, the matric suction of the contaminated soils decreased (from 1681 kPa to 260 kPa), while the osmotic suction increased (from 23 kPa to 530 kPa), compared with the natural soil's condition. Furthermore, the soil's suction values obtained with the ASTM D5298 calibration curve were higher than those obtained using the calibration curve developed for the contaminated state. Thus, to avoid misunderstanding the mechanical behavior of the unsaturated soils under contaminated conditions, the osmotic suction should be considered and evaluated with the corresponding calibration curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain stable and reliable configuration transformation ability, reliability optimization design is regarded as an effective way to reduce the probability of kinematic function failure for the constrained metamorphic mechanism. Based on the structural composition principle of multi-configuration source metamorphic mechanism that can operate in an under-actuated state, the modularized calculation methods are established for the force analysis of augmented Assur groups including metamorphic kinematic joints. According to the equivalent resistance gradient model of metamorphic mechanisms, with considering the uncertainties in the link dimensions, masses, and compliance parameters et al., a probabilistic evaluation method for describing the configuration transformation ability of the constrained metamorphic mechanism is established. Based on reliability evaluation and reliability sensitivity analysis, a reliability optimization design method for improving the configuration transformation ability is proposed, and then the optimization design is carried out for tolerances of random variables focusing on those structural parameters with higher reliability sensitivity, so that the optimized results can satisfy the requirements of both reliability and economic simultaneously. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the illustration of a paper folding metamorphic mechanism. The research provides the foundation of reliability design of metamorphic mechanisms to obtain the high-probability repeated execution ability of configuration transformation, it also has theoretical and practical significance to promote the engineering application of metamorphic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To encourage proper waste management for electrical and electronic devices (e-waste), it is necessary to invest heavily in the development of recycling technologies. One way to improve the process is to automate separating the shredded parts of e-waste using a robot. This paper's literature review, utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, showcases potential robotic technologies for e-waste separation. However, the intricate design of these devices can pose significant challenges in their implementation. Various legal, organizational, and sociological obstacles have left Serbia's e-waste management practice underdeveloped, resulting in an unsatisfactory recycling rate. In this paper, we examined the possibility of using robots in the precise example of recycling refrigerators in a recycling center in Eastern Serbia, concluding that such a solution would have multiple positive effects, both on the employees and the working environment, on the operations of the recycling center itself, and on increasing the e-waste recycling rate in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advance in the development of augmented reality technologies has attracted interest in their applicability in rescue scenarios. The characteristics of the different missions covered by First Responders, as well as the different objectives they can cover in a rescue operation, condition the importance of the additional information they can receive in these rescue processes through technology. This white paper aims to analyze the difficulties encountered when converging on the design of an interface that is adaptable to the professional and contextual circumstances in a rescue task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient stadia and circuses were considered by Greeks and Romans to be excellent places for live events. Back in ancient times, many people participated in public entertainment from athletic games, as typical of Greek traditions, to combats between gladiators and wild beasts. Among all of them, the most acclaimed were the horse races conducted with chariots, and this was the main sport of ancient Roman stadia. This paper deals with the digital reconstruction of three stadia belonging to the 2nd century B.C. (i.e., Panathenaic Stadium) and to the 1st century A.D. (i.e., Circus Maximum and Stadium of Domitian). The digital models have been rebuilt based on historical resources and archaeological discoveries to conduct the acoustic simulations and understand the acoustic behavior within these places. After the assessment of the main acoustic parameters, the noise levels from crowds have been predicted in different ways: based on information gathered from historic annals, and the comfort used for modern stadia to predict the ancient conditions with reference to the crowd noise levels measured in modern stadiums. The results indicate that the acoustic response of ancient stadia is very similar to the modern ones, in terms of both reverberation and noise level from crowds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines the digital infrastructure required to achieve project management success by analyzing the enabling elements of this digital infrastructure in terms of three pillars: digital readiness, digital fitness, and digital tools. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify these enabling elements and to develop a list of project management success indicators through which the success of project management can be measured. To evaluate and rank the digital infrastructure enabling elements, a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was implemented using a hybrid approach combining Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). The study used the digital infrastructure enabling elements as MCA alternatives and the project management success indicators identified in the literature review as MCA criteria. The results indicated that the enabling elements associated with digital tools are the most significant for project management success, with a FTOPSIS closeness coefficient (CCi) of 0.8525, followed by those related to digital fitness (CCi = 0.6481) and digital readiness (CCi = 0.1602). These findings have proven to be robust, as they remained consistent even when weights of the MCA criteria were adjusted in three new scenarios proposed in a scenario analysis. This research highlights the critical role of digital enabling elements in enhancing project management practice and achieving project management success. It also offers a strategic framework for organizations to develop and strengthen their digital infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work suggests a practical solution for recycled paper sludge (RPS) by its conversion into a natural and sustainable resource, which can further be used for water treatment applications, such as dye adsorption, as an alternative for the current non-environmentally friendly waste management practices. Paper production and recycling result in large amounts of recycled paper sludge (RPS) that is currently being disposed of in very costly and unsustainable practices, raising the importance of developing green solutions for waste management. The use of nanocellulose (NC) as the next generation of materials has gained much attention due to its economic potential. However, there are substantial challenges in NC extraction, detection, and quantification methods. In this study, NC was produced from RPS as a means of converting waste into a resource. The process included a short, 30 min ozonation (21 mg O3/g RPS), which allowed a sufficient delignification and facilitated the following hydrolysis step. Among all tested durations, a 4-h hydrolysis with 64% w/w sulfuric acid resulted in the highest NC production. Fluorescent staining by calcofluor white was used for simple and low-cost detection of NC in-situ. Crude NC showed a significant 63% dye uptake of 0.1 ppm acid red 131 within 30 min. Compared to the standard disposal methods of RPS, its utilization for NC production supports the circular economy concept and significantly contributes to the development of cellulose bio-based nanomaterials for water treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Papermaking industry and technology. Innovative applications of vegetal residues. This study examines the potential of four invasive plant species, both arboreal and herbaceous, within the riparian forest of the Umia River in Galicia, a common ecosystem in northern Spain. These invasive species (Arundo donax, Phytolacca americana, Eucalyptus globulus, and Tradescantia fluminensis) were collected and assessed for their suitability as an alternative source of pulp and paper materials for the paper industry to mitigate the environmental impacts associated with conventional cellulose fiber production from harmful monocultures. Cellulosic material from leaves, bark, and/or stems of each of the selected species was isolated from lignin and hemicelluloses through kraft pulping processes. Resulted fibers and pulps were analyzed visually, morphologically, chemically, and mechanically to evaluate their papermaking properties. To compare these properties with those of commercially available pulp, test sheets were concurrently produced using commercial bleached Eucalyptus cellulose. The findings reveal that the employed fibers exhibit promising characteristics for artistic paper production. Regarding the pulp, two refining times were tested in a PFI machine, and the Schopper–Riegler degree was measured. Paper sheets underwent various tests to determine thickness, basis weight, apparent volume, apparent density, permeability, and chemical composition, as well as microscopic optical and morphological properties. The fibers obtained from the waste derived from the removal of invasive exotic species and biodiversity control present a viable and intriguing alternative for decentralized paper production, yielding noteworthy results for the creative sector. This research highlights the potential of harnessing invasive species for sustainable and innovative paper manufacturing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of mobile devices such as smartphones provides new opportunities to enhance the teaching–learning process of a foreign language. However, its use can affect not only the students' type and form of writing but also their ability to achieve the academic competencies targeted. Thus, aspects such as the development of linguistic and communicative competencies could be affected. In this paper, a comparative analysis of two different versions (a paper and a digital version) of the same learning task is carried out in order to analyze the impact of each on the development of students' linguistic and communicative competencies. The study is conducted with undergraduate students enrolled in a course called German II. Modern Language I (level A1.2, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). The results obtained illustrate, on the one hand, the advantages of the paper version for developing students' linguistic competence and, on the other hand, that the digital version, despite facilitating students' interaction amongst each other, does not seem to be more suitable for developing students' communicative competence. Future studies will, therefore, focus on identifying those features that might increase the potential of the digital version for fostering the targeted competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Description of the printing substrate properties required for the production of high-quality thermochromic (TC) offset print. In this study, the influence of physio-chemical properties of four printing substrates, fibrous papers (filter, bulky, recycled), and polymer film (synthetic paper) on the size of the thermochromic (TC) prints microcapsules was investigated. Results indicate that interaction between thermochromic ink and printing substrate determine the print morphology, i.e., porosity and roughness of printing substrate affect dimensions of TC microcapsules of resulting prints, while ink adhesion affects dimensional changes during heating–cooling cycle. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that microcapsules of the prints, on the surface of the smoothest synthetic paper, possess the smallest diameter and height, while, on the most porous and the most roughened surface of F paper, the microcapsules of the prints possess the highest diameter and height. By increasing the temperature to 40 °C, the biggest changes in the shape of the microcapsules (increase in height and decrease in diameter) were obtained using the surface of the hydrophilic filter paper. While using the recycled paper surface, the situation is opposite; the height and diameter of the microcapsules are reduced, and the microcapsules penetrate deeper into the paper structure (due to optimum adhesion). On the bulky paper surfaces, which are more hydrophobic than recycled paper (higher interfacial tension), the increase of temperature does not cause any significant changes in the shape and position of the microcapsules. The same behavior is observed using hydrophobic non-porous synthetic paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammable building finishing materials act as a major cause of fire propagation, and they, therefore, pose significant risks to life and can lead to property damage. To replace such flammable building finishing materials, many countries have established regulations limiting their use, which has led to extensive research on the development of flame-retardant building finishing materials. Such methods have included adding flame retardants to construction materials to reduce the heat release rate and total heat release. The present study aimed to enhance the fire performance of cellulose-based architectural finishing materials by creating a dual flame-retardant mixture using expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide added to recycled paper waste. Specimen fabrication involves using a pressing method to apply uniform pressure to compress the mixture in a mold. The total heat release (THR), CO, and CO2 production of the produced specimens were measured using a cone calorimeter while varying the magnesium hydroxide additive ratio. The combustion gases were measured through NES 713 experiments to determine any changes in the Toxic Index corresponding to variations in the magnesium hydroxide content. The experiment results established a correlation between the magnesium hydroxide additive ratio and the total heat release, as well as the existence of variations in CO and CO2 production for the dual flame-retardant recycled paper material. A database for combustion gases was also obtained. It was confirmed that the fire performance was improved by confirming that the total heat release decreased by 52% from the previous one in the magnesium hydroxide content of 30 g, and it was confirmed that the inflection points of the Toxic Index value due to the change in CO and CO2 gas production occurred in the magnesium hydroxide content of 20 g due to the improvement of the fire performance. Through the ISO 5660-1 experiment data, we have secured data that can be used as foundational information for performance-oriented fire risk assessments, thereby ensuring the fire safety of cellulose materials that are vulnerable to fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue in the journal Applied Sciences titled "Feature Review Papers in Mechanical Engineering." The issue covers various topics in mechanical engineering, including crank-slide actuating mechanisms, industrial robots, cellular manufacturing systems, shape memory alloys, and the application of Constructal theory. The articles explore the advancements, challenges, and potential solutions in these areas, aiming to enhance efficiency, adaptability, sustainability, and control in mechanical systems. The research presented in this special issue offers valuable insights and directions for further study in the field of mechanical engineering. [Extracted from the article]

Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Inoculation strategies for microalgae and bacteria consortium for the treatment of paper pulp industry effluents with an increase in biomass sedimentation and algae biomass recovery. The microalgae–bacteria consortium is a promising and sustainable alternative for industrial wastewater treatment, since it may allow good removal of organic matter and nutrients, as well as the possibility of producing products with added value from the algae biomass. This research investigated the best bacterial and microalgae inoculation ratio for system start-up and evaluation of removing organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+–N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2−–N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N), phosphate phosphorus (PO43−–P) and biomass formation parameters in six photobioreactors with a total volume of 1000 mL. Reactors were operated for 14 days with the following ratios of pulp mill biomass aerobic (BA) and Scenedesmus sp. microalgae (MA): 0:1 (PBR1), 1:0 (PBR2), 1:1 (PBR3), 3:1 (PBR4), 5:1 (PBR5), and 1:3 (PBR6). Results show that COD removal was observed in just two days of operation in PBR4, PBR5, and PBR6, whereas for the other reactors (with a lower rate of initial inoculation) it took five days. The PBR5 and PBR6 performed better in terms of NH4+–N removal, with 86.81% and 77.11%, respectively, which can be attributed to assimilation by microalgae and nitrification by bacteria. PBR6, with the highest concentration of microalgae, had the higher PO43−–P removal (86%), showing the advantage of algae in consortium with bacteria for phosphorus uptake. PBR4 and PBR5, with the highest BA, led to a better biomass production and sedimentability on the second day of operation, with flocculation efficiencies values over 90%. Regarding the formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protein production was substantially higher in PBR4 and PBR5, with more BA, with average concentrations of 49.90 mg/L and 49.05 mg/L, respectively. The presence of cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae was identified in all reactors except PBR1 (only MA), which may indicate a good formation and structuring of the microalgae–bacteria consortium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that filamentous microalgae were employed as a foundation for the fixation of bacteria and other algae colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: One of the main technological challenges within Circular Economy strategies is to minimize the environmental impact of plastic packaging. In this regard, the use of PHBV films to coat paper sheets represents a highly sustainable strategy to produce food packaging multilayer structures with improved mechanical and barrier properties. This work reports on the development and performance evaluation of newly developed paper sheets coated, on both sides, with thin films of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) for applications of food packaging. For this, PHBV/paper/PHBV multilayers were first prepared by the thermo-sealing technique, optimizing the process variables of temperature and time. Thereafter, the multilayer sheets were characterized in terms of their morphological, optical, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties and compared with equivalent paper structures double coated with high-barrier multilayer films of petrochemical polymers. The results indicated that the double coatings of PHBV successfully improved the mechanical resistance and ductility, protected from moisture, and also reduced the aroma and oxygen permeances of paper, having a minimal effect on its optical and thermal properties. Finally, the compostability of the resultant multilayer sheets was analyzed, confirming that the presence of the PHBV coatings slightly delayed the aerobic biodegradation and disintegration of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of electric and hybrid vehicles has made it possible for people to read and work in a stationary vehicle for extended periods. However, the current commonly used in–vehicle lighting design is still centered around driving and driving safety. Following recommendations from the literature, a neutral white color band (4000 K–5000 K) with 50–100 lx at the vehicle table area is favored. Whether this lighting environment can meet the needs to enhance the reading performance in a modern vehicle was investigated in this presented study. Therefore, in total, 12 lighting settings were designed based on combinations of four illuminance levels (50 lx, 100 lx, 150 lx and 200 lx) and three correlated color temperatures (3000 K, 4000 K and 5000 K); we recruited 19 subjects (12 females, 7 males) and let study participants evaluate each condition based on electronic and paper reading. Next, subjective preferences, positive and negative emotions, feeling of fatigue and sustained attention were tested. We found that higher illuminance and higher CCT (Correlated Color Temperature) can significantly improve the performance of in–vehicle readers in most aspects following Kruithof's law (p < 0.05). Among them, we recommend the combination of 150 lx and 4000 K as the light parameters for in–vehicle reading as a new development guideline. In addition, we also discovered the inconsistency of people's lighting preferences between in–vehicle spaces and conventional spaces. For indoor lighting, illuminance values up to 1000 lx are still favored. For an in–vehicle function, starting with 200 lx, the preference level and reading performance already declined. In comparison between electronic and paper reading, both were similarly evaluated. These results show that a neutral white light color should be chosen with a horizontal illuminance of maximal 150 lx for a reading light function independent of the reading device. Interdisciplinarily speaking, our findings can be applied in similar small spaces or transportation modes with gentle acceleration and deceleration such as small space hotel rooms, trains, airplanes or ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of wearing AR devices on users' performance and comfort ratings while performing order-picking (OP) tasks. In addition to a picking-by-paper list, two AR devices combined with three order information display designs were examined. Thirty adult participants joined. They searched for and found the boxes in the order list, picked them up, and returned to the origin. The time to complete the task and the number of incorrect boxes picked up were analyzed to assess the performance of the tasks. The subjective ratings of the participants on the comfort rating scale (CRS) and the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were collected to assess the designs of both the AR devices and the order information displays. It was found that the participants could complete the OP tasks faster when adopting the order map (4.97 ± 1.57 min) or the 3D graph display (4.87 ± 1.50 min) using either one of the AR devices than when using a paper list (6.03 ± 1.28 min). However, they needed more time to complete the OP tasks when wearing both types of AR glasses when the Quick Response (QR) code option was adopted (10.16 ± 4.30 min) than when using a paper list. The QR code scanning and display design using either one of the AR devices guaranteed 100% accuracy but sacrificed efficiency in task completion. The AR device with a binocular display and hand gesture recognition functions had a significantly lower CRS score in the dimensions of attachment and movement (5.6 and 6.3, respectively) than the corresponding dimensions (8.0 and 8.3, respectively) of the other device with a monocular and hand touch input design. There were complaints of eye strain after using both AR devices examined in this study. This implies that these AR devices may not be suitable to wear for extended periods of time. Users should take off the AR device whenever they do not need to view the virtual image to avoid eye strain and other discomfort symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paperboard boxes represent a sought-after class of packaging products, where the use of recycled fibers offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to virgin fibers. The presence of a significant proportion of recycled fibers in the paperboard leads to a number of limitations associated with the deterioration of its characteristics. In this study, the properties of coated and uncoated paperboards containing recycled fibers, wood pulp, and virgin cellulose fibers were investigated using a laboratory sample of paperboard produced from 100% recycled fibers without any chemical additives for comparison. Properties such as smoothness, bulk density, absorbency, and tensile strength, as well as colorimetric characteristics, were determined for the recycled paperboards; for the latter test, charts were printed using inkjet printing and UV-curable inks. Whiteness was calculated by three formulae (CIE, Berger, and Stensby), and all the paperboards had a relatively low whiteness (not exceeding 90 CIE), with a yellowish tint due to recycled fibers and mechanical pulp in the composition. The absence of optical brightening agents in the paperboards was experimentally confirmed. The color gamuts of the paperboards were in direct ratio to their whiteness, with the highest ones demonstrated by the coated paperboards. Color reproduction, according to the tone value increase curves, also depended on the whiteness. Uncoated paperboards demonstrated smaller color shifts than the coated ones, with the greatest increase in tone for yellow color. Coated recycled paperboards are suitable for packaging printing under the same conditions as virgin fiber boards, while uncoated boards are the recommended choice for digital printing with UV inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues in a paper mill is the minimization of trim loss when cutting master reels and stocked reels into reels of smaller required widths. The losses produced in trimming at a paper mill are reprocessed by using different chemicals which contributes to significant discharge of effluent to surface water and causes environmental damage. This paper presents a real-world industrial problem of production planning and cutting optimization of reels at a paper mill and differs from other cutting stock problems by considering production and cutting of master reels of flexible widths and cutting already stocked over-produced and useable leftover reels of smaller widths. The cutting process of reels is performed with a limited number of cutting knives at the winder. The problem is formulated as a linear programming model where the generation of all feasible cutting patterns determines the columns of the constraint matrix. The model is solved optimally using simplex algorithm with the objective of trim loss minimization while satisfying a set of constraints. The solution obtained is rounded in a post-optimization procedure in order to satisfy integer constraints. When tested on data from the paper mill, the results of the proposed model showed a significant reduction in trim loss and outperformed traditional exact approaches. The cutting optimization resulted in minimum losses in paper trimming and a lesser amount of paper is reprocessed to make new reels which reduced the discharge of effluent to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Document classification is an important area in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Because a huge amount of scientific papers have been published at an accelerating rate, it is beneficial to carry out intelligent paper classifications, especially fine-grained classification for researchers. However, a public scientific paper dataset for fine-grained classification is still lacking, so the existing document classification methods have not been put to the test. To fill this vacancy, we designed and collected the PaperNet-Dataset that consists of multi-modal data (texts and figures). PaperNet 1.0 version contains hierarchical categories of papers in the fields of computer vision (CV) and NLP, 2 coarse-grained and 20 fine-grained (7 in CV and 13 in NLP). We ran current mainstream models on the PaperNet-Dataset, along with a multi-modal method that we propose. Interestingly, none of these methods reaches an accuracy of 80% in fine-grained classification, showing plenty of room for improvement. We hope that PaperNet-Dataset will inspire more work in this challenging area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformers play a crucial role in power systems. In this respect, fault diagnosis and aging state assessment have garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, accelerated thermal aging and Raman scattering experiments are conducted on oil–paper insulation samples to accurately detect aging states. The samples are categorized into different aging stages based on the polymerization degree of the insulating paper. Principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scale change method (MDS), and isometric mapping algorithm (Isomap) are employed to extract features from the Raman spectra. Subsequently, the XGBoost strong classifier, optimized through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization (BO-XGBoost), is utilized to distinguish between four and ten states among 175 groups of samples after feature extraction. The subsequent classification results of the three feature-extraction methods are compared. The results indicate that Isoamp, which pertains to the manifold dimension transformation, achieves the highest average discriminative accuracy after feature extraction. The discriminative accuracies for aging states four and ten are 97.0% and 95.1% respectively, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy manifold dimension transformation enhances the distinctiveness between samples of different aging states in the feature-extraction process. The diagnostic model constructed with Isomap and BO-XGBoost enables accurate discrimination of the aging states of oil–paper insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational safety and health is among the most challenging issues in many industrial workplaces, in that various factors can cause occupational illness and injury. Robotics, automation, and other state-of-the-art technologies represent risks that can cause further injuries and accidents. However, the tools currently used to assess risks in workplaces require manual work and are highly subjective. These tools include checklists and work assessments conducted by experts. Modern Industry 4.0 technologies such as a digital twin, a computerized representation in the digital world of a physical asset in the real world, can be used to provide a safe and healthy work environment to human workers and can reduce occupational injuries and accidents. These digital twins should be designed to collect, process, and analyze data about human workers. The problem is that building a human-focused digital twin is quite challenging and requires the integration of various modern hardware and software components. This paper aims to provide a brief survey of recent research papers on digital twins, focusing on occupational safety and health applications, which is considered an emerging research area. The authors focus on enabling technologies for human data acquisition and human representation in a virtual environment, on data processing procedures, and on the objectives of such applications. Additionally, this paper discusses the limitations of existing studies and proposes future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a new technique for analyzing phenomena occurring during the measurement of the strength properties of paper in the conditions of compression of the tested samples with forces acting in the paper plane. The technique is based on collecting data on the current distance of the clamps holding the tested sample and the force exerted on the sample using a universal testing machine and on the simultaneous recording of image sequence of the sample during the measurement. Next, the resulting images are subjected to processing and analysis, the purpose of which is to extract information about the shape of the sample edge in all phases of the measurement. Its advantage is the ability to determine the deflection arrow of the sample and describe its shape using the selected function given by the analytical parametric formula. It will be helpful in further research on the development of an analytical model describing the phenomena occurring during paper compression, and a method to determine the mechanism of paper destruction and the corresponding maximum force that destroys a paper sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper and pulp industries produce effluents with high phosphorus concentrations, which need to be treated before their discharge in watercourses. The use of microalgae for this purpose has attracted the attention of researchers because: (i) microalgae can assimilate phosphorus (one of the main nutrients for their growth); and (ii) growing on effluents can significantly reduce the costs and environmental impact of microalgal biomass production. This study evaluated the growth and ability of Chlorella vulgaris to remove the phosphorus from a secondary-treated effluent of a Portuguese paper company. Batch experiments were performed for 11 days using different dilutions of the effluent to evaluate its inhibitory effect on microalgae. Results showed that the non-diluted effluent inhibited microalgal growth, indicating that this bioremediation process is possible after a previous dilution of the effluent. Regarding phosphorus removal, promising results were achieved, especially in the experiments conducted with the most diluted effluent: removal efficiencies obtained in these conditions were (54 ± 1)%. Another interesting finding of this study was microalgal growth in flakes' form (mainly due to the compounds present in the effluent and to the pH values achieved), which can be an important economic advantage for biomass recovery after the remediation step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface hydrophobicity and grease resistance of paper may be achieved by the application of coatings usually derived from fossil-oil resources. However, poor recyclability and environmental concerns on generated waste has increased interest in the study of alternative paper coatings. This work focuses on the study of the performances offered by two different biopolymers, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and polycaprolactone (PCL), also assessing the effect of a plasticizer (PEG) when used as paper coatings. The coated samples were characterized for the structural (by scanning electron microscopy, SEM), diffusive (water vapor and grease barrier properties), and surface properties (affinity for water and oil, by contact angle measurements). Samples of polyethylene-coated and fluorinated paper were used as commercial reference. WVTR of coated samples generally decreased and PHBV and PCL coatings with PEG at 20% showed interesting low wettability, as inferred from the water contact angles. Samples coated with PCL also showed increased grease resistance in comparison with plain paper. This work, within the limits of its lab-scale, offers interesting insights for future research lines toward the development of cellulose-based food contact materials that are fully recyclable and compostable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]