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[Display omitted] • PVP/ZIF-7/PAN nanofibers carbonized at 900 °C yielded flexible ZnO P /C. • A capacitance of 382.5 mF cm−2 was obtained at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. • ZnO P /C demonstrated a capacitance retention of ∼ 101 % over 10,000 cycles. • ZnO P /C delivered an energy density of 49 μWh cm−2 at a power density of 2 mW cm−2. This study investigates the carbonization of electrospun fibers derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-7/polyacrylonitrile solutions containing urea or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The carbonization yields highly flexible composites comprising nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers and ZnO. Notably, using PVP as a nitrogen source generates a composite exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance. Specifically, it delivers a high capacitance of 382.5 mF cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, this composite demonstrates capacitance retentions of approximately 101 % and 80 % after 10,000 cycles and a 90° bending test, respectively. The charge-storage capability of the PVP-based ZnO P /C composite surpasses that obtained without PVP by 1.4 times. Additionally, a composite fiber mat of ZnO P /C obtained via one-step electrospinning exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity and an energy density of 49 μWh cm−2 at a power density of 2 mW cm−2. These findings highlight the potential of this material as an electrode for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mn-doped PAN nanofibers were decorated with ZIF-67. • Oriented attachment of PVP/ZIF-67 occurred on Mn-doped PAN-2MI nanofibers. • PVP/ZIF-67/Mn-fibers carbonized at 900 ℃ resulted in flexible C/Co-CoO x /Mn-CNF. • The areal capacitance of 1263 mF·cm−2 was obtained at a current density of 0.25 mA·cm−2. • The energy density of 0.18 mWh·cm−2 was obtained at a power density of 0.5 mW·cm−2. Electrodes for flexible supercapacitors were fabricated from manganese-doped carbon nanofibers (Mn-CNF) decorated with carbon-coated Co-CoO x (C/Co-CoO x) nanotubes. The Mn-doped polyacrylonitrile (PAN)–2-methylimidazole (2MI) solution was electrospun using optimized Mn concentrations and ZIF-67 was then surface loaded by wet impregnation with added polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). These ZIF-67 loaded Mn-fibers, when annealed, resulted in carbon-coated C/Co-CoO x nanotubes on the Mn-CNF surface. In the presence of PVP, ZIF-67 oriented attachment occurs, forming evenly dispersed CoO x particles even after high temperature annealing. XRD spectra exhibit the formation of metallic Co nanoparticles (NPs), whereas Raman spectra and XPS indicate Co particle oxidation. A carbon coating limits the oxidation of Co; thus, the particles are called C/Co-CoO x. A symmetric supercapacitor cell prepared using the CNFs decorated with C/Co-CoO x using an aqueous electrolyte has a capacitance of 1263 mF⋅cm−2 at a current density of 0.25 mA⋅cm−2 and a wide potential window of 1.4 V for the optimal case. Long-term cycling showed 110 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. Moreover, bending tests and powering LEDs demonstrated the flexibility and improved charge storage of the prepared nanofiber electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]