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This experiment was performed to determine the effect of dietary genistein on the growth, antioxidation, immunity, as well as lipid metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio.L). Six experimental feeds containing 0 (control group), 25, 50, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg of genistein were respectively formulated. The feeds were randomly assigned to triplicate tanks with 30 fish (initial weight (20.59 ± 0.69) g) for 8 weeks. All the growth parameters were significantly improved by supplementation with 100 and 500 mg/kg genistein. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were reduced, but the acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was increased in serum of the 100 mg/kg genistein group. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly increased in serum when the feed was supplemented with 500 mg/kg of genistein. The total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low–-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in serum were reduced in the genistein (100 and 500 mg/kg) supplement groups. The mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (il-1) , the nuclear factor kb (nf-kb) , and il-8 were reduced, but the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-b (tgf-b) and il-10 were enhanced in the head kidney and spleen tissues after genistein supplementation. Furthermore, the immune enhancement of genistein was confirmed by increasing the survival rate of common carp to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. In addition, the fatty acids profile in the liver and muscle of common carp indicated that an increase of muscle total PUFA, especially n-3 PUFA and HUFA levels in 100 or 500 mg/kg genistein supplement groups. Meanwhile, after the feeding trial, the amount of total PUFA in the liver was significantly elevated in the 500 mg/kg genistein group. As the acsl6 and elovl5 mRNA expressions in the liver were enhanced after genistein treatment, the biosynthesis ability of endogenous HUFA may be enhanced. Moreover, lipogenesis-related genes in the liver were down-regulated after genistein treatment. Therefore, 100 and 500 mg/kg of genistein can significantly improve growth, body composition and lipid metabolism, enhance the antioxidant and immunity of common carp. • Common carp fed 100 or 500 mg/kg genistein showed a reduction of lipid level and improved the muscle fatty acid compositions. • Dietary 100 or 500 mg/kg genistein up-regulated hepatic lipolysis gene, while down-regulated lipid synthesis gene expression. • Dietary 100 or 500 mg/kg genistein reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines, but enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. • Dietary 100 or 500 mg/kg genistein enhanced the antioxidant capacity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common carp is one of the most important freshwater aquaculture fish. The quality is an emerging concern for aquatic animals, and wild-caught fish is considered to exhibit better quality compared with cultured fish in some species. In present study, muscle nutritional composition, flesh quality index, scale and fins color, carotenoid metabolites, and RNA-sequencing were compared between wild-caught carp (WCC) and pond-cultured carp (PCC) to elucidate their quality difference. Results showed that WCC showed higher moisture, EPA, DHA, and EAA/TAA compared with PCC (P < 0.05). However, PCC showed higher muscle protein and lipid content, and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Hardness, chewiness, and shear force were significantly higher in WCC compared with PCC. The WCC showed higher a* and b*values in back and caudal fin (P < 0.05). Targeted metabolomics of carotenoids analysis showed that 4 carotenoid metabolites in scale and 6 carotenoid metabolites in fins showed significant difference between WCC and PCC. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 8624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in WCC vs. PCC. Gene function enrichment demonstrated that up-regulated DEGs were mainly in response to cell cycle, immunology regulation, and inositol phosphates metabolism, whereas, down-regulation genes were mainly in response in RNA transport, carbohydrate metabolism, protein and lipid metabolism. The study provided a comprehensive view of nutritional and texture difference between WCC and PCC, and which could provide reference for improving nutritional and texture quality in farmed carp. • Muscle nutrition composition and texture were different between WCC and PCC. • The difference of carotenoid metabolites might be one of the main factors affecting the body color between WCC andPCC. • Muscle texture difference between WCC and PCC was related with muscle development, protein and lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]